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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 22 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: A combined metamorphic and isotopic study of lit-par-lit migmatites exposed in the hanging wall of the Main Central Thrust (MCT) from Sikkim has provided a unique insight into the pressure–temperature–time path of the High Himalayan Crystalline Series of the eastern Himalaya. The petrology and geochemistry of one such migmatite indicates that the leucosome comprises a crystallized peraluminous granite coexisting with sillimanite and alkali feldspar. Large garnet crystals (2–3 mm across) are strongly zoned and grew initially within the kyanite stability field. The melanosome is a biotite–garnet pelitic gneiss, with fibrolitic sillimanite resulting from polymorphic inversion of kyanite. By combining garnet zoning profiles with the NaCaMnKFMASHTO pseudosection appropriate to the bulk composition of a migmatite retrieved from c. 1 km above the thrust zone, it has been established that early garnet formed at pressures of 10–12 kbar, and that subsequent decompression caused the rock to enter the melt field at c. 8 kbar and c. 750 °C, generating peritectic sillimanite and alkali feldspar by the incongruent melting of muscovite. Continuing exhumation resulted in resorption of garnet. Sm–Nd growth ages of garnet cores and rim, indicate pre-decompression garnet growth at 23 ± 3 Ma and near-peak temperatures during melting at 16 ± 2 Ma. This provides a decompression rate of 2 ± 1 mm yr−1 that is consistent with exhumation rates inferred from mineral cooling ages from the eastern Himalaya. Simple 1D thermal modelling confirms that exhumation at this rate would result in a near-isothermal decompression path, a result that is supported by the phase relations in both the melanosome and leucosome components of the migmatite. Results from this study suggest that anatexis of Miocene granite protoliths from the Himalaya was a consequence of rapid decompression, probably in response to movement on the MCT and on the South Tibetan detachment to the north.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 70 (2000), S. 165-198 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die wichtigsten Seltene-Element-Pegmatite von Ontario liegen im Gebiet des Separation Lake. Sie umfassen die Petalit-Pegmatit-Systeme von Big Whopper und Big Mack, potentiell die weltweit zweitgrößte Lithiumlagerstätte dieses Typs. Die Pegmatite treten in zwei Gangsystemen in der Nähe des Separation Rapids Plutons auf, der die Quelle der seltenen Elemente sein dürfte. Am weitesten verbreitet sind Beryll-Pegmatite, sowie komplexe Pegmatite des Petalit-Subtyps und, untergeordnet, Pegmatite die Ähnlichkeiten mit dem Lepidolith-Subtyp zeigen. Columbite-Tantalite zeigen ein weites Spektrum von Zusammensetzungen, von primitivem Ferrocolumbit fast bis zu dem Endglied, Manganotantalit. Die Evolution der Schmelzen führte zu erhöhter Fluor-Aktivität (erkennbar an den Zusammensetzungen des Mikroliths). An seltenen Elementen angereicherte Nester mit Lithium-Glimmer, Fluorapatit und Cleavelandit gehen auf in-situ Fraktionierung von Magma in einzelnen Pegmatiten zurück. BSE-Bilder zeigen Zonierungs-Muster mit primären Zusammensetzungen von Columbit-Tantalit, die durch sekundäre Prozesse verändert wurden. Letztere stehen mit extremer Fraktionierung in Zusammenhang und mit der späten Entstehung albitischer Bereiche in einzelnen Pegmatiten. Diese Umwandlung führte zur Rekristallisation von Columbit-Tantalit und zu niedrigeren Ta-Gehalten, bei gleichbleibendem Mn.
    Notes: Summary The Separation Lake area is host to the most important rare-element pegmatites in Ontario, Canada. They include the Big Whopper and Big Mack petalite pegmatite systems which potentially represent the world's second largest lithium deposit of this type. The pegmatites occur in two distinct clusters adjacent to the Separation Rapids pluton which is thought to be the source of the rare-elements. Beryl-type and complex-, petalite-subtype pegmatites are the most common and a few pegmatites have characteristics similar to the lepidolite-subtype. This study reveals that columbite-tantalite in the pegmatites has an extremely wide range of composition from primitive ferrocolumbite to evolved, almost end-member manganotantalite. Evidence is provided that melt evolution resulted in increased fluorine activity (as seen in microlite compositions) and that in situ fractionation of magma within individual pegmatites often led to the crystallization of rare-element-enriched, Li mica-fluorapatite-cleavelandite pods. Zonation patterns seen in backscattered electron images show primary compositions of columbite-tantalite were modified by secondary processes related to extreme fractionation and involving the late stage development of albitic units in individual pegmatites. This alteration led to recrystallization of columbite-tantalite and produced compositions with lower Ta contents, but with little change in Mn content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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