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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling electrodeposition for LIGA microdevice fabrication (1998)
    Springer
    Microsystem technologies 4 (1998), S. 98-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1858
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005420050105
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of mask substrate thickness on exposure and development times for the LIGA process (2000)
    Springer
    Microsystem technologies 6 (2000), S. 99-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1858
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Optimizing mask substrate thickness is an important practical concern in the X-ray exposure of PMMA resists for LIGA. An overly thick substrate necessitates long exposure times due to excessive beam filtering, while a substrate too thin leads to long development times due to low absorbed doses at the PMMA bottom surface. To assist in this optimization, we have developed numerical models describing both the exposure and development of a PMMA resist. These exposure and development models are coupled in a single interactive code, permitting automated adjustment of mask substrate thickness to yield the minimum of a prescribed cost object function that depends on both the exposure and development times. Results are presented for several synchrotron sources and over a wide range of the PMMA thickness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005420050006
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium transport by pigeon erythrocyte membrane vesicles
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 555 (1979), S. 239-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Pigeon erythrocyte membrane vesicle) ; Ca^2^+ transport
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(79)90164-0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of energetic electrons from the high-intensity laser ionization of gases : The 42nd annual meeting of the division of plasma physics of the American Physical Society and the 10th international congress on plasma physics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 2481-2487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electrons ionized from tightly bound atomic states by a high-intensity laser pulse can gain energies from one to millions of electron volts dependent on the intensity of the pulse. We have currently been investigating hundreds of kilovolt to megavolt electrons produced by ionization of krypton and argon with terawatt laser pulses. Angular and energy distributions have been measured to determine the usability of this electron source as an injector for higher energy accelerators. Studies have included pressure dependence, angular ejection angle energy dependence, and polarization dependence. In particular, the energy-dependent ejection angle of electrons has been used to produce electron beams with energies peaked at 600 keV. Numerical simulations of these electrons show that 4 MV electron beams with excellent beam quality and femtosecond pulse widths can be produced from this electron source using higher power laser pulses. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1347033
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of 20 eV x-ray generation in a proof-of-principle laser synchrotron source experiment (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 575-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A laser synchrotron source (LSS) [P. Sprangle, A. Ting, E. Esarey, and A. Fisher, J. Appl. Phys. 72, 5032 (1992)] was proposed to generate short-pulsed, tunable x rays by Thomson scattering of laser photons from a relativistic electron beam. A proof-of-principal (p.o.p.) experiment on this LSS configuration is performed. An intense laser pulse (λ0=1.053 μm) is Thomson backscattered from a focused relativistic electron beam. Time integrated x-ray signals from a photocathode/electron multiplier, at an electron beam energy of 650 keV and an x-ray photon energy of 20 eV, indicate an increase in the x-ray signals above the baseline by an amount comparable to the theoretically predicted value. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360644
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser wakefield acceleration and relativistic optical guiding (1988)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 53 (1988), S. 2146-2148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An electron acceleration method is investigated which employs a short (τL ∼2πωω−1p ∼1 ps), high-power (P≥1015 W), single frequency laser pulse to generate large amplitude (E≥1 GeV/m) plasma waves (wakefields). At sufficiently high laser powers [P≥17(ω/ωp )2 GW], relativistic optical guiding may be used to prevent the pulse from diffracting within the plasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.100300
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HLA-A, B, C and HLA-DR antigens in extrinsic allergic alveolitis (budgerigar fancier's lung disease) (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 12 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Twenty-three patients with extrinsic allergic alveolitis due to an allergy to inhaled budgerigar serum protein (budgerigar fancier's lung disease) were typed for HLA-A, B, C and HLA-DR antigens. Antigen frequencies were compared with those found in 154 healthy control subjects. No statistically significant variation in the frequency of any HLA antigen was detected. Exclusion of two patients who had concurrent coeliac disease, and subdivision of the population into those with acute and chronic disease, failed to reveal any significant association with an HLA specificity. A non-significant increase in B8-DR3 amongst the patients with acute disease was noted. Possible reasons for the apparent HLA associations previously reported by others for extrinsic allergic alveolitis are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1982.tb03125.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HLA-A, B and C and HLA-DR antigens in intrinsic and allergic asthma (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 10 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Some 103 patients with asthma and 100 healthy volunteers have been typed for HLA-A, B and C and HLA-DR antigens. The 103 patients consisted of thirty-three with intrinsic asthma, thirty-four with extrinsic asthma, and thirty-six known to have precipitins to Aspergillus fumigatus. No increase in frequency of any of the A, B, C, or DR antigens was found to be significant after correction for the number of comparisons was made. However certain trends comparable to findings in other immunopathic disorders were noted. For example B12 was increased in the allergic asthmatics (46 vs 29% controls) and it is suggested that B12 is associated with the ability to produce the IgE antibodies. A3/B7/DRw2 (which are in linkage disequilibrium) all show a decreased frequency in intrinsic asthma (24, 12 and 9%vs 32, 26 and 24% respectively in controls). Finally B8 and DRw3, which showed a moderate increase in frequency in all three groups of asthmatics, were found in five of seven patients with low atopy but persisting antibodies to A. fumigatus. Further detailed studies of these asthmatic subgroups is warranted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1980.tb02094.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correction - "Heat Transfer in Packed Beds" (1956)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 48 (1956), S. 1382-1382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie50560a043
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tunable, short pulse hard x-rays from a compact laser synchrotron source (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 72 (1992), S. 5032-5038 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A compact laser synchrotron source (LSS) is proposed as a means of generating tunable, narrow bandwidth, ultra-short pulses of hard x rays. The LSS is based on the Thomson backscattering of intense laser radiation from a counterstreaming electron beam. Advances in both compact ultra-intense solid-state lasers and high brightness electron accelerators make the LSS an attractive compact source of high brightness pulsed x rays, particularly at photon energies beyond ∼30 keV. The x-ray wavelength is λ[A(ring)]=650 λ0[μm]/Eb2[MeV], where λ0 is the laser wavelength and Eb is the electron beam energy. For Eb=72 MeV and λ0=1 μm, x rays at λ=0.12 A(ring) (100 keV) are generated. The spectral flux, brightness, bandwidth, and pulse structure are analyzed. In the absence of filtering, the spectral bandwidth in the LSS is typically (approximately-less-than)1% and is limited by electron beam emittance and energy spread. Two configurations of the LSS are discussed, one providing high peak power and the other moderate average power x rays. Using present day technology, the LSS can generate picosecond pulses of x rays consisting of (approximately-greater-than)109 photons/pulse with a peak brightness of (approximately-greater-than)1020 photons/s mm2 mrad2 (0.1% BW) and photon energies ranging from 50 to 1200 keV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.352031
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