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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 3 (1982), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: ultrasonic wave scattering ; inclusions ; reciprocity ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper, as part of a series on elastic wave scattering, presents results of measurements and calculations on scattering of ultrasonic waves by a solid spherical inclusion (tungsten carbide) embedded in titanium alloy by the diffusion bonding process. Both direct scattering and mode-converted scattering angular distributions are reported for shear and compressional incident waves. The consequences upon the signals when transmitter and receiver were interchanged are explored in a reciprocity rule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 123-136 
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: fatigue life ; acoustic surface waves ; NDE ; ultrasonics ; cracks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The present studies concentrated on predicting the remaining fatigue life for single fatigue cracks in the Paris regime of macrocrack propagation. Acoustic surface waves were used to interrogate the crack during cyclic fatigue. The inversion of the obtained scattering data provided crack depth and crack length as a function of the number of cycles applied in tension-tension fatigue. Auxiliary experiments were conducted to study the acoustic response of the crack to tensile and compressive loads, thought to open and close the crack. The technique may allow for new insights into the physics of the “crack closure” effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 7 (1988), S. 191-197 
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Ultrasonics ; solid-state welds ; calibration ; discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the description and application of a self-calibrating technique for ultrasonic weld discrimination. A broad-band ultrasonic transducer is bonded to one side of the component containing the weld. The transducer transmits and receives short pulses in the pulse-echo mode. The received short pulses are processed to provide data on weld quality. The technique is self-calibrating in the sense that the capture of two waveforms in a single measurement provides enough information to remove the transducer transfer function and transducer bond losses. A key feature of the technique is the elimination of the deleterious effects of ultrasonic bond variability, which was found to be the major limitation for the materials investigated in this study. Another feature is the requirement of access to one side of the weld only. The technique is applied to solid-state welds involving two types of steel, i.e., martensitic and austenitic steel. For the martensitic steels, substantial improvement over previous studies was seen and first- and fourth-class welds could be discriminated. On the other hand, the austenitic steel welds are examples which demonstrate the need for still further improvements, since the discrimination between first- and fourth-class welds was only marginal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 9 (1990), S. 229-238 
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Thermo-elasticity ; noncontact NDE ; photo-acoustics ; composite ; Gr/epoxy ; ultrasonics ; cscan ; array
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Critical issues are examined in the application of laser generation and detection of ultrasound to the inspection of large area air-frame composites. Among these issues are surface roughness, signal-to-noise ratio, insensitivity to the path length between the part and detector, and wide band vs. narrow-band generation. Demonstrated is the feasibility of transmission C-scans of 150 ply Gr/epoxy panels containing simulated delaminations. Waveforms having a signal-to-noise ratio of greater than 40 dB in 15-mm thick Gr/epoxy were obtained with generating laser powers well below the ablation limit for the graphite epoxy. Detection was shot-noise limited with a detector noise figure of about 5–10 dB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in nondestructive evaluation 11 (1999), S. 97-116 
    ISSN: 1432-2110
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper presents a practical new lens design for acoustic microscopy. The new lens provides a factor-of-2 higher resolution than currently available commercial lenses for acoustic microscopy, and a reduction in the influence of surface roughness on the image formation. Analysis, computer simulations, and demonstration examples provide convincing evidence that new lens design works efficiently. Whereas most current lens designs emphasize the use of longitudinal waves, the designs presented here focus on the use of transverse or shear waves. In the present study, two kinds of lens designs have been developed: One is a ``center-sealed'' acoustic lens used at the center frequency of 400 MHz and 1 GHz for use with acoustic tone bursts, and the other is a ``high-NA acoustic lens'' used in the center frequency of 30 MHz for use with short pulses. The center-sealed acoustic lens has its center area aperture sealed to prevent longitudinal waves from traveling into the sample so that the acoustic image is substantially composed of shear wave components. The ``high-NA'' acoustic lens has an aperture with a large aperture angle for exciting shear waves in the object. In this study, the mechanisms of image formation with both of these lenses are described and their features are evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in nondestructive evaluation 2 (1990), S. 119-133 
    ISSN: 1432-2110
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The ultrasonic wave propagation characteristics were measured for IN-100, a powder metallurgy alloy used for aircraft engine components. This material was selected as a model system for testing the feasibility of characterizing the microstructure of a variety of inhomogeneous media including powder metals, ceramics, castings, and composites. The data were obtained for a frequency range from about 2–20 MHz and were statistically averaged over numerous volume elements of the samples. Micrographical examination provided size and number distributions for grain and pore structure. The results showed that the predominant source for the ultrasonic attenuation and backscatter was a dense (∼100/mm3) distribution of small micropores (∼10 µm radius). Two samples with different micropore densities were studied in detail to test the feasibility of calculating from observed microstructural parameters the frequency dependence of the microstructural backscatter in the regime for which the wavelength is much larger than the size of the individual scattering centers. Excellent agreement was found between predicted and observed values so as to demonstrate the feasibility of solving the forward problem. The results suggest a way towards the nondestructive detection and characterization of anomalous distributions of micropores when conventional ultrasonics imaging is difficult. The findings are potentially significant toward the application of the early detection of porosity during the materials fabrication process and after manufacturing of potential sites for stress-induced void coalescence leading to crack initiation and subsequent failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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