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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anionic polymerization of phenyl vinyl ketone initiated with a model compound possessing the same structure as the growing chain end (1974)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 12 (1974), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Anionic polymerization of phenyl vinyl ketone (PVK) was carried out in toluene at 0°C by use of an initiator, ethylzinc 1,3-diphenyl-1-pentene-1-olate (I), which possesses the same structure as the growing chain end of PVK in the diethylzinc (ZnEt2)-initiated polymerization. A unimodal molecular weight distribution was found in the obtained polymer. The polymerization system exhibited a “living characteristic” with the initiator efficiency being 1.0.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1974.170120116
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction and polymerization of methyl α-chloroacrylate with organozinc compoundsDedicated to Professor Dr. H. KÄMMERER on his 60th birthday (1971)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 149 (1971), S. 135-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Reaktionen zwischen Methyl-α-chloracrylat (MCA) und zinkorganischen Verbindungen wurden untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß es sich bei den ersten Reaktionsschritten zwischen MCA und Zink-di-n-butyl (n-Bu2Zn) in Toluol und Tetrahydrofuran (THF) um Additionsreaktionen an eine konjugierte Doppelbindung und une Carbonyladditionsreaktionen handelt. Zink-n-butyldimethylmalonat (n-BnZnDMM) unterliegt andererseits lediglich einer Addition an konjugierte Doppelbindungen. Einige Teile der konjugierten Additionsverbindungen lagerten sich zu Derivaten des Cyclopropans um.Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß α-Chlormethylacrylat in Toluol und THF mit n-Bu2Zn und n-BuZnDMM als Initiator polymerisiert. Sowohl die Ergebnisse einiger Copolymerisationsreaktionen als auch kinetische Untersuchungen weisen darauf hin, daß der Mechanismus der Polymerisation in Toluol oder THF radikalischer Natur ist. In Hexamethylphosphorsäuretriamid (HMPT) jedoch polymerisiert dieses Monomere über einen anionischen Mechanismus. überhaupt kein Anzeichen bezüglich der Bildung von Cyclopropan konnte, sofern HMPT als Lösungsmittel verwendet wurde, gefunden werden, nicht einmal dann, wenn die Reaktion mit einem überschuß an zinkorganischen Verbindungen durchgeführt wurde.
    Notes: The reactions of methyl α-chloroacrylate (MCA) with organozinc compounds were studied. The elementary reactions of MCA with di-n-butylzinc (n-Bu2Zn) in toluene and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were found to be conjugate addition and carbonyl addition reactions. n-Butyl(dimethyl malonato)zinc (n-BuZnDMM), on the other hand, underwent only conjugate addition reaction. Some parts of the conjugate addition products were transformed to cyclopropane derivatives.Methyl α-chloroacrylate was found to be polymerized in toluene and THF with n-Bu2Zn and n-BuZnDMM as initiator. Results of some copolymerization reactions as well as kinetic studies indicated the mechanism of the polymerization in toluene or THF to be radical type. In hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPT), however, this monomer was polymerized through anionic mechanism. Any sign of the cyclopropane formation was not detected in HMPT as solvent even in the reaction with an excess of the organozinc compounds.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1971.021490111
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and reactivity of alkylzinc 1,3-diphenyl-1-pentene-1-olate as a model compound for the growing end in anionic polymerization of phenyl vinyl ketone (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 166 (1973), S. 325-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1973.021660131
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coordination-addition mechanism in the anionic polymerization of vinyl ketones initiated with alkylzinc (1976)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 177 (1976), S. 337-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Koordinations-Additionsmechanismus der durch Alkylzink initiierten Polymerisation eines Vinylketons wurde durch die Verwendung von Modellverbindungen für die wachsende Kette und das Monomere aufgeklärt. Die Bildung von 1:1 Komplexen zwischen der Zinkverbindung und dem Vinylketon in Kohlenwasserstoffen als Lösungsmittel wurde aus den UV-Spektren der binären Mischungen geschlossen. In THF oder Dioxan als Lösungsmittel wurden dagegen nur wenige Hinweise auf die Komplexbildung erhalten. Die kryoskopischen Daten der binären Mischung in Kohlenwasserstoffen und cyclischen Äthern sind in Übereinstimmung mit den Schlußfolgerungen, die aus den UV-Daten gezogen wurden. Die Ergebnisse der kinetischen Untersuchungen der Modellreaktionen wurden im Sinne eines Koordinations-Additionsmechanismus interpretiert, unter Berücksichtigung der spektroskopischen und kryoskopischen Ergebnisse.
    Notes: The coordination-addition mechanism in the polymerization of a vinyl ketone initiated with alkylzinc was elucidated by use of model compounds for the growing chain end and for the monomer. The formation of a 1:1 complex between the zinc compound and the vinyl ketone in hydrocarbon solvents was concluded from the UV spectra of the binary system. In tetrahydrofuran or dioxane little evidence was obtainable for complex formation. Cryoscopic data of the binary system in hydrocarbons and in cyclic ethers were found to be in agreement with the conclusion obtained from the UV data. The results of the kinetic studies of model reactions are interpreted in terms of a coordination-addition mechanism, which was derived taking all the spectroscopic and cryoscopic data into consideration.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1976.021770203
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spontaneous polymerization of amphiphilic vinyl monomers, 2. Spontaneous polymerization of sodium alkyl 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropyl phosphates in micellar and inverse micellar systems (1993)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 194 (1993), S. 2411-2411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1993.021940823
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization initiated by the redox system hydrogensulfite/oxygen, 1. Polymerization of acrylic acid (1989)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 190 (1989), S. 2109-2117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of acrylic acid in water by the redox initiation system hydrogensulfite/oxygen was found to proceed fast to give oligomers in high yield, in spite of introducing a large amount of oxygen known as a strong radical inhibitor. In the polymerization system, the concentration of oxygen was kept at a very low level on account of the rapid reaction of hydrogensulfite with oxygen. At high concentration of hydrogensulfite, both hydrogensulfite oxidation rate (Rox) and polymerization rate (Rp) vary with the flow rate of air. Rp is proportional to the square root of Rox, suggesting that the termination is a bimolecular reaction, a radical intermediate formed from hydrogensulfite oxidation being the initiator of this polymerization system. Hydrogen was found to behave as a chain transfer agent, and its chain transfer constant is 0,15 at pH 6,9 and 25°C.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1989.021900911
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spontaneous polymerization of amphiphilic vinyl monomers, 2Part 1: cf. ref.1. spontaneous polymerization of sodium alkyl 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropyl phosphates in micellar and inverse micellar systems (1993)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 194 (1993), S. 485-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The spontaneous polymerization of sodium alkyl 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropyl phosphates (Cn-AHMP) was investigated in the temperature range from 35°C to 80°C in water and in benzene. The polymerization activity in both solvents changed with the alkyl chain length in the order: C12 〉 C8 〉 C14 ≫ C16. Similarly to the C12 monomer, C14-AHMP only polymerizes above the critical micelle concentration (cmc), proving that micelle-formation is essential for the spontaneous polymerization. The polymerization of the C8 analogue occurs even a little below the cmc, in contrast to C12 - and C14-AHMP. This behaviour suggests the existence of smaller aggregates than the micelle below the cmc in water. The polymerization of C16-AHMP did not take place spontaneously in both solvents, in spite of the formation of micellar aggregates in water. The lack of polymerization ability is related to the inactivity to generate initiating radical species in the micellar system.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1993.021940211
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spontaneous polymerization of amphiphilic vinyl monomers, 4Parts 1, 2 and 3: cf. refs. 1-3.. Spontaneous polymerization of methacrylic derivatives of quaternary ammonium bromides with a long alkyl chain (1993)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 194 (1993), S. 1893-1899 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Amphiphilic surface active vinyl monomers (alkyl-2-methacryloyloxyethyldimethylammonium bromides) with a long alkyl chain (C8/, C12, C14, C16, and C18) were investigated with respect to their polymerization behavior in the absence of an initiator. These monomers polymerized spontaneously in water, through a free-radical mechanism, except for the ‘C8 monomer’. In the polymerization of the ‘C16 monomer’, the polymer yield depended on polymerization temperature, and the intrinsic viscosity of the resulting polymer varied with the initial concentration of the monomer just like in ordinary polymerization. The ‘C18 monomer’, having low reactivity, became highly polymerizable upon mixing with a quaternary surfactant (dodecyl-2-isobutyryl-oxyethyldimethylammonium bromide) in a particular mole ratio, owing to a change in the monomer aggregation state. In benzene, all of the quaternary methacrylates polymerized spontaneously, too. It is obvious that formation of monomer aggregates, micelles or reverse micelles is essential for the spontaneous polymerization. The spontaneous polymerization of other quaternary monomers, having a hexadecyl group and a polymerzable acryloyl, acrylamido, or methacrylamido moiety, did also occur, yet with lower rate than in case of the methacrylate.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1993.021940704
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spontaneous polymerization of amphiphilic vinyl monomers, 3Parts 1 and 2: cf. ref. 1,2. Further studies on spontaneous polymerization of sodium alkyl 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropyl phosphates in micellar and reverse micellar systems (1993)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 194 (1993), S. 1619-1626 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Addition of sodium chloride and some surface active agents to the micellar or reverse-micellar solution of sodium alkyl 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropyl phosphates (Cn-AHMP) surprisingly changed the ability of spontaneous polymerization. Low-reactive C8AHMP in water became spontaneously polymerizable upon addition of NaCl to achieve a conversion of ca. 100%, and the non-reactive C16-AHMP turned out to be highly reactive upon addition of an equimolar amount of sodium dodecyl glyceryl phosphate in water and in benzene. On the other hand, the high reactivity of C12-AHMP decreased upon addition of the surfactants. These results indicate that the additives modify the monomer aggregation state, and that there is a state of aggregation that is most suitable to generate the initiating radical species. The NMR measurement of the proton spin relaxation time gave important information on the aggregation state. In the spontaneous copolymerization of C12- and C14-AHMP in water, the total conversion decreased with increasing feed content of the C14 monomer, but the residual monomer ratios were equal to the initial ones. ESR spectra were detected directly in the spontaneous polymerization system of C12-AHMP in both water and benzene. The polymerization of C16-AHMP initiated with a pre-polymerized solution of C12-AHMP showed that some portion of the polymer radicals remained active for 2 - 3 h at room temperature, after the first-stage polymerization of C12-AHMP was complete.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1993.021940609
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