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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 31 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed a sample survey design to answer questions about the ecological condition and trends in condition of U.S. ecological resources. To meet the objectives, the design relies on a probability sample of the resource population of interest (e.g., a random sample of lakes) each year on which measurements are made during an index period. Natural spatial and temporal variability and variability in the sampling process all affect the ability to describe the status of a population and the sensitivity for trend detection. We describe the important components of variance and estimate their magnitude for indicators of trophic condition of lakes to illustrate the process. We also describe models for trend detection and use them to demonstrate the sensitivity of the proposed design to detect trends. If the variance structure that develops during the probability surveys is like that synthesized from available databases and the literature, then the trends in common indicators of trophic condition of the specified magnitude should be detectable within about a decade for Secchi disk transparency (0.5–1 percentiyear) and total phosphorus (2–3 percent/year), but not for chlorophyll-a (〉 3–4 percent/year), which will take longer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 37 (1967), S. 205-216 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wenn genetische und umweltbedingte Effekte auf einen quantitativen Phänotyp X=G+E von einander unabhängig und normal verteilt sind, dann entspricht die Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung des genetischen Werts G unter Individuen mit fixiertem phänotypischem Wert X gleichfalls einer Normalverteilung. Das Mittel dieser a posteriori-Verteilung der genetischen Werte ist $$\bar g$$ +h 2 (X− $$\bar g$$ ) und die Varianz ist σ g 2 (1−h 2); wobei $$\bar g$$ das a priori-Mittel von X, h 2 der Heritabilitätskoeffizient und σ g 2 die genetische Varianz sind. Für jeden fixierten Wert von h 2 und σ g 2 kann daher die a posteriori-Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß der genetische Wert G das Populationsmittel in Verbindung mit einem gegebenen Phänotyp X um einen bestimmten Wert übersteigt, direkt aus den Tabellen einer standardisierten Normalverteilung abgelesen werden. Der erwartete Anteil dieser überlegenen, genetisch bedingten Abweichung unter Individuen, deren phänotypischer Wert einen vorgegebenen Konstantwert übersteigt, kann ebenfalls numerisch errechnet werden. Er wird im vorliegenden Fall graphisch dargestellt. Wenn eine phänotypische Selektion zur Auswahl der besten Phänotypen aus N Individuen erfolgt, sollte N groß genug sein, um mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit eine überlegene, genetisch bedingte Abweichung zu erhalten. Die wirksamen Charakteristiken dieses Typs der Selektion werden in tabellierter Form wiedergegeben, die gleichfalls auf numerischer Integration beruht.
    Notes: Summary If genetic and environmental effects upon a quantitative phenotype X=G+E are normally and independently distributed then the probability distribution of genetic value G among individuals of fixed phenotypic value X is likewise a normal distribution. The mean of this a posteriori distribution of genetic values is $$\bar g$$ +h 2 (X− $$\bar g$$ ) and the variance is σ g 2 (1−h 2), where $$\bar g$$ is the a priori mean of X, h 2 is the heritability ratio, and σ g 2 is genetic variance. For any fixed values of h 2 and σ g 2 the a posteriori probability that the genetic value G associated with a given phenotype X exceeds the population mean by any specified amount can therefore be read directly from the tables of the standard normal distribution. The expected proportion of these superior genetic deviates among individuals whose phenotypic value exceeds some specified constant may also be calculated (by numerical analysis) and is presented here in graphical form. If phenotypic selection is practiced by choosing the best out of N phenotypes then N should be large enough to assure high probability of obtaining a superior genetic deviate. The operating characteristics of this type of selection are displayed in tabular form, again based upon numerical integration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 337-345 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Interspecific backcross ; Linkage probabilities ; Onion genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Relatively large quantities of seed were obtained from the interspecific backcross (A. fistulosum xA. cepa) ×A. cepa allowing, for the first time, an extensive study of the heritable traits exhibited by backcross progeny. Two backcross populations, BC1034 and BC1040, distinguished by differentA. fistulosum parents, were characterized for the isozyme markersIdh-1, Adh-1, andPgi-1. Statistical methods are described to calculate cell probabilities for a mixed population of F2 and BC1 progeny, using an estimate of the fraction of F2 progeny in the population derived from the isozyme data. Cell probability distributions were calculated for a mixed population with independent pairs of loci and a mixed population with nonindependent pairs of loci. The isozyme lociIdh-1 andPgi-1 appear to be linked, with a map distance estimated at 33 centimorgans (cM) in BC1034 and 42 cM in BC1040. The probability distribution model for linked loci did not account for all of the distorted segregation ratios inIdh-1 ×Adh-1 orPgi-1 ×Adh-1. The cytological literature does not support linkage betweenIdh-1 ×Adh-1 orPgi-1 ×Adh-1. The distorted segregation ratios for these pairs of loci are likely the result of genetic incompatibilities between the two species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 32 (1994), S. 101-134 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In order to meet a growing need to determine the condition of the nation's ecosystems and how their condition is changing, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed EMAP, the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program. A common survey design serves as the foundation on which to base monitoring of status and trends among diverse ecosystem types. In this paper, we describe the need for a statistically based survey design, briefly summarize the basic EMAP design, describe how that design is tailored for the selection of a probability sample of lakes on which to make measurements of lake condition, and illustrate the process for selecting a sample of lakes in the northeastern United States. Finally, we illustrate how measurements taken on the sample of lakes can be summarized, with known uncertainty, to describe the condition of a population of lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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