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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitric oxide synthase-containing projections to the ventrobasal thalamus in the rat (1999)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 200 (1999), S. 265-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Retrograde axonal transport ; Somatosensory system ; Pedunculopontine nucleus ; Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus ; Cholinergic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Microiontophoretic studies of thalamic neurons suggests that nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in mediating somatosensory transmission. The thalamus contains few nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive neurons; thus, the major source of thalamic NO is presumably from NOS-positive axons of extrathalamic origin. The cells of origin of these putative NOS-containing pathways to the ventrobasal thalamus were investigated in rats by combining retrograde tracing with immunocytochemistry for NOS. The location and morphology of double-labeled neurons was compared with that of single-labeled neurons. The most significant sources of NOS-containing afferents to the thalamus were found to be the pedunculopontine (PPN) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) nuclei. NOS-immunoreactive neurons in these cholinergic nuclei project bilaterally to the thalamus, most strongly ipsilaterally. The thalamus appears to be a major target of PPN, since even selective thalamic injections result in retrograde labeling of at least one third of its NOS-immunoreactive neurons. A significant number of NOS-negative neurons in both the PPN and LDT also project to the thalamus. Minor sources of NOS-containing thalamic afferents include the lateral hypothalamus, the dorsal, median and pontine raphe nuclei, the parabrachial nuclei, and the pontomedullary reticular formation. In all these structures, NOS-negative thalamopetal neurons greatly outnumber the NOS-positive ones. Ascending sensory pathways to the thalamus, including those from the sensory trigeminal nuclei, the dorsal column nuclei, and the spinal cord, as well as the auditory and vestibular centers, arise exclusively from NOS-negative neurons. The major NOS-positive projections are implicated in affective and alerting systems, supporting that NO may act to modulate attentiveness in thalamic relay nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050278
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SAP97 concentrates at the postsynaptic density in cerebral cortex (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 12 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: SAP97, a PDZ-containing protein, is reported to concentrate in axon terminals, where its function remains unknown. Using highly specific new antibodies, we show that SAP97 in rat cerebral cortex is associated with heteromeric AMPA receptors via a selective biochemical interaction between SAP97 and the GluR1 subunit. Using light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, we demonstrate cellular and synaptic colocalization of SAP97 and GluR1, and show that SAP97 concentrates at synapses that contain GluR1 but not necessarily GluR2 or GluR3. Using quantitative postembedding immunogold electron microscopy, we find that SAP97 is at highest concentration within the postsynaptic density of asymmetric synapses. These data suggest that SAP97 may help to anchor GluR1-containing AMPA receptors at the synapse. As a multifunctional scaffolding protein, SAP97 may organize components of AMPA-related intracellular signalling pathways, including those associated with calcium-permeable homomeric GluR1 channels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00256.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amino acid immunoreactivity in corticospinal terminals (1993)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 93 (1993), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Glutamate ; Aspartate ; Gamma-aminobutyric acid ; Transmitter colocalization ; Postembedding immunolabeling ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Anterogradely labeled corticospinal axons and their terminals were identified after injections of wheat germ-agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase in the sensorimotor cortex of rats. Thin myelinated axons were labeled in the corticospinal tract. Terminal labeling was densest in the internal basilar nucleus and laminae III–IV of the dorsal horn throughout the spinal cord; electron microscopical observations were mainly from the cervical enlargement. Labeled terminals were most often small and dome-shaped with densely packed, clear round vesicles and sparse mitochondria. These terminals established asymmetric synapses with small dendrites or spines and were never involved in axoaxonic contacts. Postembedding immunocytochemistry was used to study the subcellular distribution of glutamate, aspartate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Corticospinal terminals appeared enriched in glutamate, but not GABA. Some corticospinal terminals appeared enriched in aspartate, though the labeling was less selective than in the case of glutamate. GABA immunolabeling was very dense in about 20% of terminals. These were most often small, rich in mitochondria, and made symmetric synapses; they were not anterogradely labeled from the cortex. Quantitative analysis on double immunolabeled material allowed a direct comparison of particle density for different antigens in the same section. Terminals with a high density of particles coding for glutamate were not enriched with GABA, and terminals immunolabeled for GABA were not enriched with glutamate. There was no significant correlation between glutamate and aspartate immunolabeling in corticospinal terminals; a subpopulation of these terminals may be enriched in aspartate. Aspartate immunolabeling was consistently higher in dendrites postsynaptic (in the plane of section) to corticospinal terminals than in other dendrites. That neither aspartate nor GABA was enriched in dendrites postsynaptic to GABAergic terminals suggests that the phenomenon is not a generic feature of synapses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227784
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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