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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of graft copolymers onto starch by carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy (1992)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 25 (1992), S. 3009-3014 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00038a001
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fas and Fas ligand: expression and soluble circulating levels in cutaneous malignant melanoma (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 147 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background The Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) system plays a key part in maintaining tissue homeostasis via the induction of apoptosis. Functional impairment of the Fas/FasL system is associated with the development and progression of malignancies. Malignant melanoma cells and tissues have been shown to express Fas and FasL to variable extents. Objectives To demonstrate the expression and the presence of soluble circulating levels of Fas and FasL in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Methods Biopsy specimens of 42 patients with primary melanoma and nine patients with cutaneous metastatic melanoma were obtained for immunohistochemistry studies. All patients were followed for at least 5 years. In another 46 patients with melanoma (15 stage I and II; 11 stage III; and 20 stage IV) and in 10 healthy volunteer control subjects circulating levels of Fas and FasL were analysed with commercial ELISA tests. Results FasL was strongly positive in 38 (90%) of 42 primary melanomas; two of nine metastases did not express FasL. In the primary melanomas Fas was strongly or intensely positive in 17 (40%), moderately or weakly positive in 10 (24%) and negative in 15 (36%) of 42 melanomas. Soluble Fas plasma levels in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma were significantly elevated over those in the control group (P = 0·01). Conclusions The absence of Fas in most of the thick melanomas that did not metastasize, and in insitu melanomas, might be taken as a theoretical factor for a good prognosis. Soluble Fas is increased in patients with metastatic melanoma and might be associated with poor prognosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04745.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines Induce Lipopolysaccharide Tolerance in Human Monocytes Without Modifying Toll-Like Receptor 4 Membrane Expression (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 59 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) participates in innate immunity by detecting lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls. TLR4 macrophage expression in mice is modulated by LPS. This fact constitutes, at least partially, the molecular basis for LPS tolerance. Very recently, the effect of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has been described on TLR4 membrane expression of human monocytes. IFN-γ up-regulates TLR4 expression and antagonizes the LPS-induced TLR4 down-regulation. These data prompted us to study the expression of membrane TLR4 in human mono- cytes in which LPS tolerance was induced by LPS and by anti-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)]. Data concerning this latter model, and more specifically, the effect of anti-inflammatory cytokines over TLR4 expression, are not available at present. We show here that membrane TLR4 expression in human monocytes falls after LPS exposure. The effect was prolonged for 12 h, but then expression returned to normal levels. The incubation of human monocytes with IL-10, TGFβ1 or a mixture of both induces no alterations in membrane TLR4 expression. However, these cytokines are able to substitute the tolerizing LPS exposure in order to induce LPS tolerance. Our data help to achieve a better understanding of the way cytokines control the cellular expression of TLR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01445.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of benzoyl peroxide concentration in an experimental bone cement based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 8 (1997), S. 455-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the concentration of benzoyl peroxide in poly(methyl methacrylate) bone cement formulations on their setting characteristics, particularly peak temperature and setting time, were studied. An optimization of the concentration of benzoyl peroxide was made with respect to curing parameters and compared with the residual monomer content. The mechanical properties of the different formulations were also determined and the results indicated that a composition of 1.5% wt/wt and 0.82% wt/wt of benzoyl peroxide and N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine concentrations, respectively, gave the highest yield strength. Studies on the preparation of bone cement formulations containing different amounts of barium sulphate were also performed to assess the effect on the polymerization process and mechanical properties of the cements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018565807727
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of a modified acrylic bone cement with etoxytriethyleneglycol monomethacrylate (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 6 (1995), S. 793-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: With the aim of improving some of the disadvantages of the acrylic bone cements, an acrylic bone cement based on polymethyl methacrylate has been modified by substituting different quantities, up to 20%, of the monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA) with the same amount of ethoxytriethyleneglycol monomethacrylate (TEG). The addition of this new monomer decreased noticeably the maximum temperature and increased both setting and working times. Mechanical testing revealed that the introduction of TEG gave rise to a less fragile bone cement by increasing slightly the total deformation without any change in the rest of the tensile parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00134319
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New starch-based thermoplastic hydrogels for use as bone cements or drug-delivery carriers (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 9 (1998), S. 825-833 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The development of new biodegradable hydrogels, based on corn starch/cellulose acetate blends, produced by free-radical polymerization with methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA) and/or an acrylic acid monomer (AA), is reported. The polymerization was initiated by a redox system consisting of a benzoyl peroxide and 4-dimethlyaminobenzyl alcohol at low temperature. These hydrogels may constitute an alternative to the materials currently used as bone cements or drug-delivery carriers. Swelling studies were carried out, as a function of pH and temperature, in buffered solutions. The xerogels were further characterized by Fourier transform–infrared spectroscopy. Tensile and compression tests, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis were used to assess the mechanical performance of the developed materials. The fracture surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The developed materials are sensitive to the pH, showing a clear reversible transition in a relatively narrow interval of pH, which is just in the range of physiological conditions. These properties make the materials developed in this study very promising for biomedical applications. Fickian-type diffusion is the mechanism predominant in these systems, except for the composition with a higher concentration of AA, that corresponds to the most desirable kinetical behavior for controlled release (case II-transport mechanism). Furthermore, the results obtained in the mechanical tests are in the range of those reported for typical PMMA bone cements, showing that it is possible to develop partially degradable cements with an adequate mechanical behavior. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008944127971
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acrylic bone cements incorporating polymeric active components derived from salicylic acid: curing parameters and properties (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 9 (1998), S. 679-685 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A methacrylic monomer derived from salicylic acid, 5-hydroxy-2-methacrylamido benzoic acid, 5-HMA, was incorporated with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, (HEMA), in different proportions to the liquid phase of classical bone cement formulations. The monomer 5-HMA shows the ability to form molecular complexes with calcium atoms in order to improve osteointegration in the application of bone cement formulations used for the fixation of joint prostheses such as knee and hip. Kinetic parameters, peak temperature and setting time of the bone cement formulations prepared were determined, obtaining lower peak temperature values when 5-HMA was incorporated, with respect to classical acrylic bone cements based on PMMA. Mechanical and thermal properties as well as surface energy values, have been determined for all cured bone cement formulations. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008974112525
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of graft copolymers of acrylic monomers onto amylose. II. Study of the ceric ion behavior (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45 (1992), S. 981-986 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study of the ceric ion consumption during graft polymerization of methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), and butyl methacrylate (BMA) with amylose was carried out. Grafted acrylic polymers were isolated by the acid hydrolysis method. Weight-average and number-average molecular weights were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The number of grafted chains (mmol) ranged from 8.70 × 10-3 to 12.35 × 10-3 for acrylates and from 3.20 × 10-3 to 6.80 × 10-3 for methacrylates. These results were related to others obtained from the ceric ion consumption studies.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070450605
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid onto starch using the H2O2/Fe++ redox system (1989)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 595-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MetAc) onto potato starch using H2O2/Fe++ redox system was investigated. The best conditions of the grafting reaction were determined and several variables were studied: initiator and monomer concentrations, time, and temperature. Percent grafting efficiency, percent grafting, percent grafted monomer conversion, and total conversion were obtained. The optimum graft yield was obtained at 7.3 × 10-3M H2O2 concentration and it was favored by increasing the methacrylic acid concentration and reaction time.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1989.080270219
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of graft copolymers of methacrylonitrile/methacrylate mixtures onto amylomaize by the ceric ion method (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 1541-1548 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: grafting ; starch ; methacrylonitrile/methacrylate mixtures ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Graft polymerizations of mixtures of methacrylonitrile with n-alkyl methacrylales onto amylomaize were carried out. The graft copolymers were characterized by both IR and 13C-NMR spectroscopies. The influence of the monomer feed on the grafting parameters has been studied. The variation of these parameters with the mole fraction of methacrylate in the feed for the first three systems studied, MAN/MMA, MAN/EMA and MAN/BMA, was similar: thus, percent grafting (%G, percent weight of grafted polymer with respect to grafted amylomaize), percent grafted amylomaize (%GA, percent weight of grafted amylomaize with respect to initial amylomaize), percent grafting conversion (%Cg, percent weight of grafted polymer with respect to initial monomer), and percent total conversion (%Ct, percent weight of total acrylic polymer with respect to initial monomer) were increased, but percent grafting efficiency (%GE, percent weight of graft copolymer with respect to total polymer) decreased. The system MAN/HMA presented values of grafting parameters lower than those of the previous systems. The optimum values were obtained at 0.6 HMA mole fraction in the monomer feed. When the number of carbon atoms of the n-alkyl group rises from 1 to 4, the increase of the n-alkyl group length gives rise to increases of the %G %Cg and %Ct values and decreases of the %GE and %GA values. For the largest methacrylate, the grafting reaction appears to be controlled by the lesser accessibility of the monomer to the active sites of the carbohydrate. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1992.080300805
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