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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 10 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Hemoglobin data have been available from ski teams beginning from 1987, and from 1989 to 1999 we have followed hemoglobin values in elite cross-country skiers in international competitions. The mean values at the 1989 World Nordic Ski Championships were lower than population reference values, as would be expected from plasma volume expansion associated with endurance training. However, an increase, particularly in the maximal values, became obvious in 1994 and rose further in 1996. These extreme values provide both a health risk to the individual athlete and unfair competition. After a rule limiting hemoglobin values was introduced, the drop of the highest values was remarkable: among men 15 g/l (0.23 mmol/l) and among women 42 g/l (0.65 mmol/l). It would appear that the rule had achieved its goal of limiting extreme hemoglobin values. Yet the mean hemoglobin concentrations in men and women have continued to rise, suggesting the continued use of artificial methods to increase total hemoglobin mass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 11 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The purpose of the study was to determine the reliability of lifetime exercise data obtained through a structured interview. Interviews were conducted in 1992–1993 and repeated in 1997 in 150 monozygotic male twins, aged 35–69 years, from the population-based Finnish Twin Cohort. Exercise mode, frequency, duration, intensity and period of participation were solicited for each regularly performed exercise from 12 years of age to the present. Questions related to the most common exercise mode reported in the initial interview were repeated in all subjects and the entire exercise interview was repeated in a subgroup of 38 subjects. The repeatability was highest for exercise years and mean hours/week by mode for the most commonly performed exercise (Mean ICC=0.63–0.90), and for the sum of all lifetime exercises reported (Mean ICC=0.69–0.73). The lowest repeatability was found for exercise intensity (Mean Kappa=0.33–0.48). Similarly poor reliability was found for whether or not exercise was performed at a competitive level (Mean Kappa=0.25–0.63). Overall, the structured interview of lifetime exercise was most repeatable for years of exercise and mean hours/week. Thus, these exposure variables should be considered in retrospective studies of exercise effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 98 (1981), S. 289-291 
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The compression forces and the distances between tibial and femoral condyles were measured during the development of osteoarthritis produced by immobilizing rabbit knees. The compression was measured in both the immobilized and non-immobilized knees with a sub-miniature pressure sensor. Compression increased up to threefold during the four first weeks of immobilization and decreased thereafter to below the initial level. These results give one explanation why immobilization produced degenerative joint changes; they also support the hypothesis that capsular tissues can play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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