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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic Relationships of the Glycolytic Enzyme, Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase, from Parabasalid Flagellates (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 47 (1998), S. 190-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Amitochondriate protist — Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase — Glycolysis — Parabasala — Protein evolution —Trichomitus batrachorum— Trichomonadinae — Tritrichomonadinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Over 90% of the open reading frame of gap genes for glycolytic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; EC 1.2.1.12) was obtained with PCR from five species of Parabasala. With gap1 from Trichomonas vaginalis obtained earlier, the data include two sequences each for three species. All sequences were colinear with T. vaginalis gap1 and shared with it as a synapomorphy a 10- to 11-residue insertion not found in any other gap and an S-loop with characteristic features of eubacterial GAPDH. All residues known to be highly conserved in this enzyme were present. The parabasalid sequences formed a robust monophyletic group in phylogenetic reconstructions with distance-based, maximum-parsimony, and maximum-likelihood methods. The two genes of the amphibian commensal, Trichomitus batrachorum, shared a common ancestor with the rest, which separate into two well-supported lineages. T. vaginalis and Tetratrichomonas gallinarum (both representatives of Trichomonadinae) formed one, while Monocercomonas sp. and Tritrichomonas foetus formed the other. These data agreed with and/or were close to published reconstructions based on other macromolecules. They did not support the ancestral position of Monocercomonas sp. proposed on the basis of morphological characteristics but confirmed an early emergence of Trichomitus batrachorum. The sequence pairs obtained from three species indicated either gene duplications subsequent to the divergence of the corresponding lineages or a strong gene conversion later in these lineages. The parabasalid clade was a robust part of the eubacterial radiation of GAPDH and showed no relationships to the clade that contained all other eukaryotic gap genes. The data clearly reveal that the members of this lineage use in their glycolytic pathway a GAPDH species with properties and an evolutionary history that are unique among all eukaryotes studied so far.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006376
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of genetic diversity at the iron-containing superoxide dismutase locus in Plasmodium falciparum wild isolates (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 181 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In order to investigate the genetic diversity of iron-containing superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) from Plasmodium falciparum, a potential anti-malarial therapeutic target, we cloned and sequenced Plasmodium FeSOD from 26 blood samples from non-infected patients. Fifteen clones had the same nucleotide sequence as that of the FeSOD gene of the P. falciparum strain HB3 cultivated in vitro. The other 11 clones presented mutations responsible for punctual amino acid changes which did not modify key residues for the function or the structure of the enzyme. The high sequence conservation between FeSOD from the isolates confirms that this enzyme could represent a therapeutic target.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08850.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning and expression of an iron-containing superoxide dismutase in the parasitic protist, Trichomonas vaginalis (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 161 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene of the parasitic protist Trichomonas vaginalis was cloned, sequenced, expressed in Escherichia coli, and its gene product characterized. It is an iron-containing dimeric protein with a monomeric mass of 22 067 Da. Southern blots analyses suggested the presence of seven iron-containing (FeSOD) gene copies. Hydrophobic cluster analysis revealed some peculiarities in the 2D structure of the FeSOD from T. vaginalis and a strong structural conservation between prokaryotic and eukaryotic FeSODs. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the SOD sequences confirmed the dichotomy between FeSODs and manganese-containing SODs. FeSODs of protists appeared to group together with homologous proteobacterial enzymes suggesting a possible origin of eukaryotic FeSODs through an endosymbiotic event.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12936.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tubulins in Trichomonas vaginalis: Molecular Characterization of α-Tubulin Genes, Posttranslational Modifications, and Homology Modeling of the Tubulin Dimer (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 48 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . We have isolated and analysed an α-tubulin-encoding gene (atub1) in an early-diverging eukaryote, Trichomonas vaginalis. The complete atub1 open reading frame included 1,356 bp encoding a polypeptide of 452 amino-acyl residues. A second α- tubulin gene (atub2) was amplified by PCR using primers derived from consensus α-tubulin amino acid sequences. Both T. vaginalisα-tubulin sequences showed high identity to those described in other parabasalids (94.4%–97.3%), and exhibited a high degree of similarity to sequences from Metazoa (such as pig brain) and diplomonads (such as Giardia). Despite large evolutionary distances previously observed between trichomonads and mammals, the three-dimensional model of the T. vaginalis tubulin dimer was very similar to that of pig brain. Possible correlations between α-tubulin sequences and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) were examined. Our observations corroborated previous data obtained in T. vaginalis using specific anti-PTMs antibodies. As described in the related species Tritrichomonas mobilensis, microtubules are likely acetylated, non-tyrosinated, glutamylated, and non-glycylated in T. vaginalis. Evolutionary considerations concerning the time of appearance of these tubulin PTMs are also discussed since trichomonads are potentially one of the earliest diverging eukaryotic lineages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00204.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogeny of Trichomonads Based On Partial Sequences of Large Subunit Rrna and On Cladistic Analysis of Morphological Data (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 40 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Several domains of large subunit rRNA from nine trichomonad species have been sequenced. Molecular phylogenies obtained with parsimony and distance methods demonstrate the trichomonads are a monophyletic group which branches very early in the eukaryotic tree. the topology of the trees is in general agreement with traditional views on evolutionary and systematic relationships of trichomonads. A clear dichotomy is noted between the subfamily Trichomonadinae and the subfamily Tritrichomonadinae. In the latter subfamily, a second division separates the “Tritrichomonas muris-type” species from the “Tritrichomonas augusta-type” ones. Previous evolutionary schemes in which the Monocercomonadidae were regarded as the most “primitive” and the Trichomonadidae as more “evolved” are not in agreement with our molecular data. the emergence of Monocercomonas and Hypotrichomonas at the base of the Tritrichomonas lineage suggests a secondary loss of some cytoskeletal structures, the costa and undulating membrane in these genera. This is corroborated by the early branching position of Trichomitus. which possesses a costa and an undulating membrane and has usually been placed among the Trichomonadidae on the basis of cytological characters. A cladistic analysis was applied to the available morphological characters in order to produce a hierarchical grouping of the taxa reflecting their morphological diversity. Supplementary key words. Evolution, molecular phylogeny, morphological cladistic analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb04935.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic Position of the Trichomonad Parasite of Turkeys, Histomonas meleagridis (Smith) Tyzzer, Inferred from Small Subunit rRNA Sequence (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 48 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The phylogenetic position of the trichomonad, Histomonas meleagridis was determined by analysis of small subunit rRNAs. Molecular trees including all identified parabasalid sequences available in data bases were inferred by distance, parsimony, and likelihood methods. All reveal a close relationship between H. meleagridis, and Dientamoeba fragilis. Moreover, small subunil rRNAs of both amoeboid species have a reduced G + C content and increased chain length relative to other parabasalids. Finally, the rRNA genes from H. meleagridis and D. fragilis share a recent common ancestor with Tritrichomonas foetus, which exhibits a more developed cytoskeleton. This indicates that Histomonas and Dientamoeba secondarily lost most of the typical trichomonad cytoskeletal structures and hence, do not represent primitive morphologies. A global phylogeny of parabasalids revealed significant discrepancies with morphology-based classifications, such as the polyphyly of most of the parabasalid families and classes included in our study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00185.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular Phytogeny of Parabasalids Based on Small Subunit rRNA Sequences, with Emphasis on the Trichomonadinae Subfamily (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 47 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . We determined small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences from three parabasalid species, Trichomitus batrachorum strain R105, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, and Pentatrichomonas hominis belonging to the Trichomonadinae subfamily. Unrooted molecular phylogenetic trees inferred by distance, parsimony, and likelihood methods reveal four discrete clades among the parabasalids. The Trichomonadinae form a robust monophyletic group. Within this subfamily T. gallinarum is closely related to Trichomonas species as supported by morphological data, with P. hominis and Pseudotrypanosoma giganteum occupying basal positions. Our analysis does not place T. batrachorum within the Trichomonadinae. Trichomitus batrachorum (strains R105 and BUB) and Hypotrichomonas acosta form a well-separated cluster, suggesting the genus Trichomitus is polyphyletic. The emergence of T. batrachorum precedes the Trichomonadinae-Tritrichomonadinae dichotomy, emphasizing its pivotal evolutionary position among the Trichomonadidae. A third cluster unites the Devescovinidae and the Calonymphidae. The fourth clade contains the three hypermastigid sequences from the genus Trichonympha, which exhibit the earliest emergence among the parabasalids. The addition of these three new parabasalid species did not however resolve ambiguities regarding the relative branching order of the parabasalid clades. The phylogenetic positions of Tritrichomonas foetus, Monocercomonas sp., Dientamoeba fragilis, and the unidentified Reticulitermes flavipes gut symbiont 1 remain unclear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00013.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Manganese superoxide dismutase in pathogenic fungi: An issue with pathophysiological and phylogenetic involvements (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 45 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Manganese-containing superoxide dismutases (MnSODs) are ubiquitous metalloenzymes involved in cell defence against endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen species. In fungi, using this essential enzyme for phylogenetic analysis of Pneumocystis and Ganoderma genera, and of species selected among Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Zygomycota, provided interesting results in taxonomy and evolution. The role of mitochondrial and cytosolic MnSODs was explored in some pathogenic Basidiomycota yeasts (Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii, Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, Malassezia sympodialis), Ascomycota filamentous fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus), and Ascomycota yeasts (Candida albicans). MnSOD-based phylogenetic and pathogenic data are confronted in order to evaluate the roles of fungal MnSODs in pathophysiological mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsim.2005.06.003
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Striated fibers in trichomonads: Costa proteins represent a new class of proteins forming striated roots (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 29 (1994), S. 82-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: trichomonads ; cytoskeleton ; antibodies ; electrophoresis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The production of monoclonal antibodies and the use of biochemical techniques revealed that B-type costa proteins in trichomonads are composed of several major polypeptides with molecular weight detected between 100 and 135 kDa similar to those found in the A-type costae. Although differences were observed between the two types in their fine structure, we tested whether proteins composing the two costa types belong to the same protein family. A polyclonal antibody produced against the 118 kDa costa protein of Trichomonas vaginalis also recognized a 118 kDa costa protein in all other trichomonad genera studied so far whether they have A- or B-type costae. Moreover biochemical characteristics of costa proteins indicated that these proteins might represent a novel class of striated root-forming proteins in addition to centrin, giardin, and assemblin. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970290108
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning and characterization of iron-containing superoxide dismutase from the human malaria species Plasmodium ovale, P. malariae and P. vivax (1999)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 85 (1999), S. 1018-1024 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The iron-containing superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) gene from three human malaria species, namely Plasmodium ovale, P. malariae and P. vivax, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned and then sequenced. Comparisons of their deduced amino acid sequences with that of the FeSOD from P. falciparum revealed a very low polymorphism at the FeSOD locus in human malaria species. One P. ovale and the P. vivax FeSOD genes presented the same nucleotide sequence as that of the P. falciparum strain HB3 whereas the second P. ovale and the P. malariae genes exhibited two punctual mutations. These mutations did not affect the function and structure of the enzyme. The FeSOD polymorphism was so low that no phylogenetic relationship among human malaria species could be proposed, but this conservative structure strengthened the potentiality of this enzyme as a possible target for anti-malarial drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004360050675
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