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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathotypic variation in turnip mosaic virus with special reference to European isolates (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 45 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A collection of 124 isolates of turnip mosaic virus was gathered from around the world, principally from European countries, and characterized by inoculation to four differential lines of Brassica napus (oilseed rape and swede). Three symptom phenotypes were induced—apparent immunity, local infection only, or systemic infection. Twelve distinct patterns, i.e. pathotypes, were observed. Three pathotypes were predominant in the collection; pathotype 1 isolates, which were the most common, did not overcome any of the most extreme sources of resistance in the differential lines. Of the other two, pathotype 3 isolates overcame one of the major sources of resistance and pathotype 4 isolates overcame all sources of resistance. The distribution of pathotypes within Europe was examined. No pathotype was confined to any geographical area, although pathotype 4 isolates were not found in southern Europe or Asia. Most isolates (90) originated from Brassica hosts, while others were from other cruciferae genera (19) or non-crucifers (5). The species of plant that the isolates originated from was not clearly related to the pathotype of the isolates. Resistance to pathotype 1 isolates is controlled by a dominant allele in one of the differential lines, and resistance sources are being examined in the other lines. Isolates belonging to pathotype 1 appeared to be able to mutate readily to overcome the resistance in one of the rape differential lines, but no isolates appeared to mutate to overcome the other major source of resistance in the differentials. The implications of the results for disease control strategies are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1996.tb02895.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serological detection of spore balls of Spongospora subterranea and quantification in soil (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 45 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A polyclonal antiserum produced against spore balls of Spongospora subterranca f.sp. subterranea prepared from potato tubers was able to detect as little as 0·02 spore balls in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In spiked soil samples, the antiserum detected 100 spore balls per g soil. However, the different spore ball contamination levels were discriminated better in ELISA tests al concentrations above 2000 spore balls per g soil than at lower concentrations. In contrast, a bioassay test based on baiting soils with tomato seedlings gave good discrimination of spore ball contamination levels in spiked soils containing 〈1000 spore balls per g soil and poor discrimination of levels in spiked soils containing 〉2000 spore balls per g soil. Tests on a limited number of field soils suggested ELISA may be capable of predicting disease levels on tubers group in such soils better than the bioassay. The antiserum did not react with 30 other micro-organisms tested, including many that are saprophytes or pathogens on potatoes and resting spores of the taxonomically related Plasmodiophora brassicae. It detected spore balls of different cultivar origin equally well. It also detected spores from different geographical origins. An attempt to improve the sensitivity of the serological detection through concentrating spore balls from held soils by sieving was unsuccessful. Cross-absorption of the antiserum with uncontaminated field soil increased the sensitivity of detection of spore balls in spiked soil samples four-fold. The ability of the antiserum to discriminate contaminated field soils from an uncontaminated soil was much improved by using the gamma-globulin fraction or cross-absorbed serum. Western blot analysis revealed that the antiserum detected a member of different proteins the most distinct of which had a molecular weight of slightly less than 6.5 kDa. A technique was developed to suppress autofluorescence of spore balls, allowing immunofluorescence studies to be carried out. Using this technique in conjunction with indirect FITC immunofluorescence discrete bright fluorescent spots were visualized using the specific serum. With the non-specific serum, only a very dull background fluorescence was evident.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1996.tb02899.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON THE RESPONSE OF HAND BLOOD FLOW TO DISTANT ICE APPLICATION (1974)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology 1 (1974), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1681
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: SUMMARY 1. The effect of orally administered ethanol on the vasoconstrictor response of hand resistance vessels to application of ice to the neck has been studied in normal subjects.2. Ethanol significantly reduced the ice response.3. The mechanism of this blocking action is obscure, but a central inhibitory action, possibly at the ponto-medullary vasomotor centre level, is postulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1974.tb00549.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance to Turnip mosaic virus in Brassica rapa and B. napus and the analysis of genetic inheritance in selected lines (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 51 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Forty-two Brassica rapa and Brassica napus lines were tested for resistance to Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolates representing the three major pathotypes in Europe. Of these lines, 11 were susceptible to all pathotypes; nine were resistant to one pathotype; eight were resistant to two pathotypes; and 14 were resistant to all three pathotypes. Of the lines tested, 23 were either able to, or had the potential to, discriminate between two different pathotype-3 isolates. Genetic models for inheritance of resistance were proposed for four B. rapa lines: Jong Bai No. 2 had dominant resistance to pathotype 1 conferred by a single allele; PI418957C and Jin G 55 had recessive resistance to pathotype 4 where a single allele was required; PI418957C also had recessive resistance to pathotype 3 where a model with one of two epistatic, unlinked loci was proposed. Jong Bai No. 1 also had recessive resistance to pathotype 3, apparently conferred by alleles at three loci, where any two of the three loci were epistatic and required for resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2002.00755.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and evaluation of a technique for screening watercress (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum) for resistance to watercress yellow spot virus and crook-root fungus (Spongospora subterranea f. sp. nasturtii) (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 40 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A technique was developed for screening large numbers of watercress plants for resistance to watercress yellow spot virus (WYSV) and the crook-root fungus. Plants were raised in modules containing sand in the glasshouse, transported and placed in experimental watercress beds, recovered after 5 or 6 weeks, examined visually for crook-root infection and tested by ELISA for infection by WYSV. High incidences of crook root (98.8%) and virus (88.9%) were obtained in a watercress line known to be susceptible to both pathogens. Evaluation of the technique using 10 different watercress lines showed that it was capable of revealing a range of responses from very susceptible to very resistant, with UK lines being most susceptible to both diseases. When grown on, the very resistant line was different morphologically from UK watercress and was identified as early winter-cress (Barbarea verna). Results showed an association between crook root scores and ELISA values, providing further circumstantial evidence for the close relationship between the two pathogens. The implications of the results for watercress resistance screening are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1991.tb02369.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterisation of resistance to turnip mosaic virus in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and genetic mapping of TuRB01 (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 1149-1154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Brassica ; TuMV Resistance ; Genetic mapping ; Mutation ; Plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is the major virus infecting Brassica crops. A dominant gene, TuRB01, that confers extreme resistance to some isolates of TuMV on Brassica napus (oilseed rape), has been mapped genetically. The mapping employed a set of doubled-haploid lines extracted from a population used previously to develop a reference RFLP map of the B. napus genome. The positioning of TuRB01 on linkage group N6 of the B. napus A–genome indicated that the gene probably originated from Brassica rapa. Resistance phenotypes were confirmed by indirect plate-trapped antigen ELISA using a monoclonal antibody raised against TuMV. The specificity of TuRB01 was determined using a wide range of TuMV isolates, including representatives of the European and American/Taiwanese pathotyping systems. Some isolates of TuMV that did not normally infect B. napus plants possessing TuRB01 produced mutant viruses able to overcome the action of the resistance gene. TuRB01 is the first gene for host resistance to TuMV to be mapped in a Brassica crop. A second locus, TuRB02, that appeared to control the degree of susceptibility to the TuMV isolate CHN 1 in a quantitative manner, was identified on the C-genome linkage group N14. The mapping of other complementary genes and the selective combining of such genes, using marker-assisted breeding, will make durable resistance to TuMV a realisable breeding objective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051319
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