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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosomal Preparations from Human Oocytes (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 442 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: It appears that the chance of an in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryo to produce a pregnancy carried to term is about 10%.1 Consequently, one of the most important factors in increasing the pregnancy rate after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer is replacement of multiple embryos.2 When we consider that the estimated human fecundity rate is about 25%,3 it seems likely that the quality of the embryo is one determining factor for a successful pregnancy rate. Different types of defects of gametes and embryos might contribute to the explanation of why the vast majority of IVF embryos do not give rise to any sign of pregnancy after replacement.It is well documented that chromosomal abnormalities among first trimester spontaneous abortions occur at a rate of about 60%, indicating that chromosomal abnormalities might be common in human gametes and early development stages.4 Abnormal karyotypes found were aneuploidy (i.e., complements with one extra or one missing chromosome) and polyploidy.Recently, a new technique allowing direct analysis of the chromosomal constitution of human spermatozoa has been reported.5 This technique utilizes the ability of capacitated human spermatozoa to penetrate zona-free hamster oocytes. Five to 10% of penetrating human spermatozoa have shown chromosomal abnormalities. Various degrees of hyperploidy and hypoploidy ranging from three extra to three missing chromosomes were found in a series of 1000 human spermatozoal chromosome constitutions.6 It is interesting to note that among spontaneous first trimester abortions such serious numerical abnormalities have not been found.4
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb37553.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ovarian function in relation to the outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment in regularly menstruating women with tubal infertility (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics 12 (1995), S. 683-688 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7330
    Keywords: follicle stimulating hormone ; estradiol ; progesterone ; ovarian failure ; tubal infertility ; in vitro fertilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Study Design Ovarian endocrine function was evaluated in 53 regularly menstruating women, 27 to 38 years of age, who failed to conceive at least 2 years following reconstructive surgery for tubal infertility. Thirty apparently healthy women, 24 to 40 years of age with proven fertility, served as controls. Blood samples were obtained daily on cycle days 2–4 and 22–26 to assess FSH, E2, and P4 levels. Results There was a tendency for women with more advanced tubal damage to be subjected to more extensive surgery. Based on extent of reconstructive surgery, the patients were divided into three groups. Group A (n=29) had less extensive surgery, limited to the fallopian tubes, group B (n=14) included patients with extended adhesiolysis, and group C (n=10) comprised patients that had the most extensive reconstructive procedures involving ovarian surgery. Significantly higher FSH levels were found in group C (P〈0.001) compared to groups A and B in the early follicular phase. During the luteal phase, E2 levels were lower in groups B (P〈0.01) and C (P〈 0.001) compared to group A. P4 levels were lower in group C compared to groups A and B. Conclusion When the patients underwent IVF treatment higher grades of tubal damage, more extensive surgery and hormonal signs of ovarian insufficiency were highly related to treatment failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02212893
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endometrial Evaluation Is Not Predictive for In Vitro Fertilization Treatment (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics 16 (1999), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7330
    Keywords: endometrium ; clomiphene citrate ; IVF outcome ; menstrual cycle ; ovarian function ; tubal infertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate ovarian function by clomiphene citrate (CC) challenge test in a group of tubal infertile women and to study endometrial morphological maturation in the early luteal phase of CC-stimulated cycles as compared to in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment outcome. Methods and Results: Four women presented with strongly retarded, proliferative endometrium in the luteal phase. Of these, three presented with impaired ovarian function, high basal follicle-stimulating hormone, and high follicle-stimulating hormone levels after clomiphene stimulation on cycle day 10. In the remaining 30 women, showing an in-phase endometrium after CC stimulation, a comparison of six morphological characteristics did not reveal any significant differences between the 14 women who did become pregnant and the 16 who did not. No significant differences in endometrial thickness were observed between the groups. Significant differences were found when comparing estradiol and progesterone area under the curve during the luteal phase (P 〈 0.001 and P 〈 0.01, respectively) between those who did and those who did not become pregnant. Conclusions: Luteal endometrium morphology was not a sharp instrument to detect differences between women who did and women who did not become pregnant following IVF treatment, while ovarian function, as measured by hormonal markers, seemed to be a more reliable prognostic factor for IVF treatment outcome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022594729197
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human sperm chromosomes in zona-free hamster eggs: Pretreatment of spermatozoa with calcium ionophore facilitates later examination of chromosomes (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 15 (1986), S. 295-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: human sperm ; chromosomes ; zona-free ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Freshly ejaculated human spermatozoa exposed to 10 μM calcium ionophore A23187 for 30 minutes quickly bound to and penetrated into zona-free hamster eggs. When these eggs were cultured for 13 hours in the presence of low concentrations of vinblastin and podophyllotoxin, then fixed and spread with the use of a cold fixation technique, haploid sets of sperm chromosomes were demonstrated. The number of spermatozoa that were attached to the egg surface at insemination influenced the success rate of chromosome demonstration. The best results (an average of about 0.7 chromosome set per egg) were obtained when insemination was controlled so that an average of seven spermatozoa attached to each egg at the end of a 15-30-minute insemination period. This improved method for demonstrating human sperm chromosomes would be useful in the analysis of paternal genetic contributions in reproduction as well as in assessing the effects of environmental genotoxic agents or conditions on spermatozoa.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120150403
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