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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grain-size influence on the mid-infrared spectra of the minerals (1988)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 41 (1988), S. 163-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of spectral emittance at wavelengths from 5 to 25 Μm were carried out for various particulate rocks and minerals (granite, calcite, talk) in dependence on particle size. The experimentally found variation of spectral features with particle size is discussed in terms of photon's mean free path and its dependence on particle size in the wavelength regions characterized by normal and anomalous dispersion, respectively. Moreover, a sample consisting of fine- and coarse-grained material was investigated in order to estimate the chance for mineral identification at conditions relevant to remote sensing of planetary objects. The mixture spectrum comprises characteristic features of both grain size fractions. This implies that the mineralogical composition of the fine-grained fraction also should be accessible by use of high-sensitive spectrometers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00056401
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of [PtMe3L(H2O)]BF4·H2O (L=3-O-acetyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose) (1999)
    Springer
    Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds 35 (1999), S. 984-991 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8353
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Reaction of [PtMe3(Me2CO)3]BF4 (1) with 3-O-acetyl-1,2;5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose in acetone affords [PtMe3L]BF4 (2) (L=3-O-acetyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose). In wet methylene chloride, complex2 transforms to [PtMe3L(H2O)]BF4·H2O (3). Complex3 was characterized by microanalysis and NMR spectroscopy (1H,13C,195Pt). The X-ray structure analysis (monoclinic, P21, a=10.529(3) Å, b=7.322(2) Å, c=14.668(4) Å, Z=2) reveals that 3-O-acetyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose acts as a neutral bidentate ligand which is coordinated via two hydroxyl groups (κ2O5,6 coordination). The five-membered 1,3,2-dioxaplatina rings exhibit an envelope conformation. The coordination sphere of platinum is completed by H2O ligand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02252168
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Traffic Flow Models Considering an Internal Degree of Freedom (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 90 (1998), S. 1251-1275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Traffic dynamics ; kinetic theory ; fluid dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We solve numerically the integrodifferential equation for the equilibrium case of Paveri–Fontana's Boltzmann-like traffic equation. Beside space and actual velocity, Paveri–Fontana used an additional phase space variable, the desired velocity, to distinguish between the various driver characters. We refine his kinetic equation by introducing a modified cross section in order to incorporate finite vehicle length. We then calculate from the equilibrium solution the mean-velocity–density relation and investigate its dependence on the imposed desired velocity distribution. A further modification is made by modeling the interaction as an imperfect showing-down process. We find that the velocity cumulants of the stationary homogeneous solution essentially only depend on the first two cumulants, but not on the exact shape of the imposed desired velocity distribution. The equilibrium solution can therefore be approximated by a bivariate Gaussian distribution which is in agreement with empirical velocity distributions. From the improved kinetic equation we then derive a macroscopic model by neglecting third and higher order cumulants. The equilibrium solution of the macroscopic model is compared with the cumulants of the kinetic equilibrium solution and shows good agreement, thus justifying the closure assumption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023231428403
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lyapunov Instability for a Hard-Disk Fluid in Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Thermostated by Deterministic Scattering (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 98 (2000), S. 723-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Lyapunov exponents ; equilibrium and nonequilibrium steady states ; hard-disk fluid ; computer simulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We compute the full Lyapunov spectra for a hard-disk fluid under temperature gradient and under shear. The Lyapunov exponents are calculated using a recently developed formalism for systems with elastic hard collisions. The system is thermalized by deterministic and time-reversible scattering at the boundary, whereas the bulk dynamics remains Hamiltonian. This thermostating mechanism allows for energy fluctuations around a mean value which is reflected by only two vanishing Lyapunov exponents in equilibrium and nonequilibrium. In nonequilibrium steady states the phase-space volume is contracted on average, leading to a negative sum of the Lyapunov exponents. Since the system is driven inhomogeneously we do not expect the conjugate pairing rule to hold, which is indeed shown to be the case. Finally, the Kaplan–Yorke dimension and the Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy are calculated from the Lyapunov spectra.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018675408962
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inserts providing complete sample evaporation above the column entrance in vaporizing GC injectors (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 16 (1993), S. 429-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Sample evaporation inside injector ; Injector liners ; Laminar cup splitter ; Glass wool in injector insert ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Completeness of sample evaporation in conventional vaporizing injection is a problem for many samples and calls for measures to arrest the sample liquid in the space between the needle exit and the column entrance. A visual testing procedure reveals that a small plug of loose glass or quartz wool ensures complete evaporation in all instances. Obstacles built into the liner also stop liquid, provided they force the sample to pass through narrow channels. Other important design characteristics concern access to the narrow channel. Evaporation in a packed insert usually occurs from a surface, whereas the sample hardly touches surfaces in the instance of an insert with obstacles. Evaporation from a packing is, in fact, more reliable, but creates more problems concerning inertness.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240160710
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Procedure for testing inertness of inserts and insert packing materials for GC injectors (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 16 (1993), S. 464-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Testing inertness of injector liners ; Packed injector liners ; Glass and fused silica wool ; Adsorption and degradation during split injection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The inertness of injector inserts and insert packing materials, such as glass or fused silica wool, is tested by a procedure based on split injection and rapid isothermal chromatography. Resulting sharp peaks sensitively reveal peak deformation resulting from adsorptivity, acid/base interaction, and excessive retention power. Degradation of labile components is detected by loss of material and degradation products. Adsorptivity was no problem on injecting 300 ng amounts. Degradation only occurred for raw wools; however, the retention power of some wools seemed unnecessarily high. On injection of smaller quantities, degradation remained similar, but adsorptivity increased significantly.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240160804
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Efficient Method for Synthesizing Substituted Naphtho-1,3-dithiole-2-thiones from Tetrachlorotetrathionaphthalene and Sodium Trithiocarbonate (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1577-1581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Sulfur heterocycles ; Synthetic methods ; Conducting materials ; Desulfurization ; C-C coupling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two types of naphtho-fused 1,3-dithiole-2-thiones (2a-f and 4a-d) were obtained by the reaction of 3,4,7,8-tetrachloro-naphtho[1,8-cd:5,6-c′d′]bis(1,2-dithiole) (1) and sodium trithiocarbonate. The dechalcogenization of the thiones, using mercury acetate, leads to the corresponding naphtho-1,3-dithiol-2-ones (3a-d and 5a-d). The structures of 3a and 4a were confirmed by X-ray investigation. The tetrathiafulvalenes (TTFs) 6 and 7 were synthesized from 2d and 3c by coupling of the starting compounds with the help of triethyl phosphite. Using 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-benzoquinone (DDQ) the TTFs were converted into semiconducting charge-transfer complexes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and Properties of Chiral Ruthenium Complexes Containing O-, S- and P-Functionalized Cp-Ligands (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1999 (1999), S. 1919-1930 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Ruthenium ; Chirality ; Cyclopentadienyl complexes ; Kinetics ; Asymmetric catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Novel, functionalized, chiral Cp-ligands with S- and P-donor atoms were designed. Together with known analogues containing ether side-chains they were complexed to ruthenium for use as chiral Lewis-acid catalysts. In the ether complexes [RuCl(η5-C5H4CH2CH2OR)(PPh3)2] {R = Me, (1S)-isobornyl, (1R)-menthyl, (1R)-fenchyl} the Cp-ligand is only η5-coordinated; all attempts to provoke a bidentate, Cp/O coordination were unsuccessful. The sulfide complex [Ru{η5:η1-C5H4CH2CH2S[(1R)-neomenthyl]}(PPh3)2][OTf] contains a bidentate Cp/S-coordinated ligand, but it is unstable. The stable phosphane complex [RuCl(η5:η1-C5H4CH2CH(Me)PPh2)(PPh3)] exists as a 77:23 mixture of diastereomers containing a strongly bidentate Cp/P ligand. The diastereomers interchange, with Ru-Cl bond cleavage as the rate-determining step.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2005/1999/99126_s.pdf or from the author.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Book
    Book
    ¬An¬ introduction to credit risk modeling / (2003)
    Boca Raton, FL :Chapman & Hall/CRC,
    Details
    Title: ¬An¬ introduction to credit risk modeling /
    Author: Bluhm, Christian
    Contributer: Overbeck, Ludger , Wagner, Christoph
    Publisher: Boca Raton, FL :Chapman & Hall/CRC,
    Year of publication: 2003
    Pages: 297 S.
    Series Statement: Chapman & Hall/CRC financial mathematics series
    ISBN: 1-58488-326-X
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: Undetermined
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