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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of high acetylcholinesterase activity in the mouse superior colliculus (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 72 (1988), S. 335-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Superior colliculus ; Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry ; Cholinergic ; Tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus ; Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acetylcholinesterase activity in the colliculus mainly occurs in two layers and is arranged as a lattice in the intermediate grey layer and as a continuous sheet in the superficial grey layer. Under-cutting lesions abolish the lattice in the intermediate grey layer but leave the superficial sheet of activity intact. By contrast the injection of kainic acid into the colliculus leaves the intermediate layer lattice intact while causing a local reduction in the superficial layer. Injections of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold into the colliculus labels cells in the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei that contain acetylcholinesterase. Cells in the parabigeminal nucleus are also labelled but these cells contain low levels of cholinesterase. Thus, it is concluded that the lattice in the intermediate layers is mainly dependent on afferents from the laterodorsal tegmental and pedunculopontine nuclei while the sheet in the superficial layers is mainly dependent on intrinsic cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250255
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intrinsic inter- and intralaminar connections and their relationship to the tonotopic map in cat primary auditory cortex (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 86 (1991), S. 527-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Auditory cortex ; Interlaminar connections ; Isofrequency bands ; Corticocortical connections ; Biotinylated PHA-L ; Anterograde tracing ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small iontophoretic injections of the lectin, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), were made into different layers of the primary auditory cortex (AI) of cats. Injections in layer I labeled two types of morphologically distinct fibers in layer I as well as a smaller number of axons in layers II and III. Layer II injections labeled descending axons that produced a dense plexus of terminal fibers in layers I–III of both AI and adjacent auditory fields. Injections in layer III also labeled a dense plexus of axon collaterals at the junction of layers V and VI and labeled patches of terminal fibers in both AI and adjacent auditory fields. These were densest in layers I–III but usually extended into layers IV and V as well. The patches were partly formed by axon collaterals of layer III pyramidal cells that traveled for over 4 mm in the gray matter. Injections confined to layer IV labeled axons in all layers of the cortex but none of these axons appeared to reach the white matter. The axons spread laterally in layer IV and up into the superficial layers and ramified especially layer I. Injections in layers V and VI labeled axons in all layers of the cortex but these were densest in the deep layers where labeling was fairly homogeneous. In the upper layers the labeling was arranged in semi-discrete patches. Large injections involving layers I–III were studied in tangential sections. Between 3 and 8 patches of terminal labeling were observed in AI and these were mainly arranged in a band with its long axis aligned approximately in the dorsoventral direction. However dense patches of terminal labeling also occurred both anterior and posterior to the injection site. In selected experiments portions of the tonotopic map in AI were mapped by single unit recording and subsequently the map was related to patches of anterogradely labeled fibers that surrounded injections of PHA-L. Rows of dorsoventrally oriented patches were among cells with a similar best frequency to those in the injection site. However patches located anterior or posterior to the injection site were among cells with higher or lower best frequencies. Two injections of PHA-L close together produce different patterns of labeling. One of the injections usually produces one or more patches that has no correlate among the patches of fibers labeled by the adjacent injection. This is clearest when one of the injections is made with biotinylated PHA-L that can be visualized directly without the use of primary antibodies. Thus the intrinsic connections of AI arising from nearby cylinders of neurons are not homogenous and clusters of cells can be identified by their unique pattern of connections within AI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230526
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Callosal connections of the ferret primary auditory cortex (1997)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 116 (1997), S. 367-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Binaural bands ; Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase ; Cortical columns ; Auditory system ; Corpus callosum ; Ferret
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The callosal connections of ferret auditory cortex were studied by making multiple injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the middle ectosylvian gyrus or by packing crystals of horseradish peroxidase into the transected corpus callosum. The primary area (AI) had strong callosal connections that arose from somata mainly located in layer III. Other layers contained sparsely distributed cells that projected across the midline. The projecting cells occurred over the whole extent of AI but were not homogeneously distributed in layer III. The axons from these cells terminated mainly in the upper layers of the contralateral cortex, where they converged onto three discrete bands. The three elongated bands lay in a dorsoventral orientation, parallel to the tonotopic axis. They were slightly curved and had a fairly uniform width. The posterior band had a width of about 200 μm, while the anterior and middle bands were more variable and had widths of 300–800 μm. The centre-to-centre distance between the posterior and middle bands was 520 ± 60 μm and for the anterior to middle bands was 620 ± 210 μm. The retrograde labelling produced by the same injections showed that the cell bodies had a higher density in the terminal bands than in the intervening spaces. The bands of dense callosal connections appear to correspond to the binaural summation columns, which have been clearly demonstrated in the ferret, but direct evidence of this will need to be sought in a future study. The discrete nature of the callosal bands in the ferret appears to make it a suitable species for studying the relationship between callosal terminals and those arising in other areas of the brain and for clarifying the possible existence of separate functional systems within the auditory cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00005764
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial relationship of histochemically demonstrable patches in the mouse superior colliculus (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 241-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Superior colliculus ; Phosphorylase ; Cytochrome oxidase ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Mouse histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patches of high phosphorylase activity are found in the intermediate and dorsal deep grey layers of the mouse superior colliculus when either coronal or sagittal sections are cut. These patches indicate that the phosphorylase a activity is arranged in a continuous lattice composed of bands of high phosphorylase a activity with a width of 100–200 μm that surround pale islands of low activity. This lattice was demonstrated by cutting surface parallel sections through the partially flattened superior colliculus. An almost identical lattice is observed in sections incubated to demonstrate total phosphorylase or cytochrome oxidase (CYO) activity. This phosphorylase/ CYO lattice extends over the entire area of the superior colliculus. A discontinuous staining pattern is also observed in the intermediate and deep grey layers of both sagittal and coronal sections incubated for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The staining is arranged in two discontinuous sheets of intense activity that are joined together by vertical streamers. In surface parallel sections the AChE activity is found to form a network pattern which extends over the entire extent of the superior colliculus but which becomes fainter at the anterior pole. The phosphorylase/CYO lattice is not in register with the AChE lattice and the two seem to be organized independently of each other despite occurring at the same depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238843
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship of afferent inputs to the lattice of high NADPH-diaphorase activity in the mouse superior colliculus (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 435-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Auditory brainstem ; Central gray substance ; Analgesia ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus there is a lattice of high NADPH-diaphorase activity which represents the terminal distribution of a number of extrinsic afferent systems. These include inputs from the dorsal cholinergic column and cells in the precommissural nucleus and dorsolateral wedge of the central gray substance. Other afferents that terminate in the intermediate gray layer, such as the input from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (BIN), are almost completely segregated from the above inputs and show very little overlap with the NADPH-diaphorase lattice. It is suggested that the input from the precommissural nucleus and central gray substance may have a role in nociception while the input from BIN may provide an important source of auditory information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228917
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemoarchitectonic organization of the cat primary auditory cortex (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 86 (1991), S. 518-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Architectonic organization ; Acetylcholines ; terase ; CAT 301 ; Calbindin ; Parvalbumin ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, demonstrated histochemically, defines an area of cortex on the middle ectosylvian gyrus that appears to correspond to the cytoarchitectonically defined area 41 and the physiologically defined primary auditory area (AI). In this area there are high levels of AChE in layers III, IV and VI while in the surrounding areas there are comparatively low levels of enzyme in these layers. The monoclonal antibody CAT 301, which was raised against a cell surface proteoglycan, also defines this area. There are high levels of CAT 301 immunoreactivity in cell bodies and the neuropil of layer III and an absence of very large immunoreactive neurons in layer V. Furthermore there are higher levels of the calcium binding protein, parvalbumin and the metabolic enzyme, cytochrome oxidase, in layers III and IV of AI, than in most of the surrounding cortex. By contrast the distribution of the calcium binding protein, calbindin and the distribution of myelinated fibers are similar in area 41 and the surrounding areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230525
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deoxyglucose uptake in the ferret auditory cortex (1997)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 117 (1997), S. 488-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Auditory system ; Neocortex ; 2-Deoxyglucose autoradiography ; Deafness ; Chemoarchitectonic areas ; Ferret
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Histological methods and 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography were used in an attempt at finding distinguishing characteristics that would permit the clear definition of different auditory areas on the ectosylvian gyrus. This region was studied in both coronal and flattened tangential sections. In tangential sections a crescent-shaped region of high deoxyglucose uptake was identified. The centre of this crescent was in the position of the primary auditory area on the middle ectosylvian gyrus. The ventro-anterior arm of the crescent was on the surface of the anterior ectosylvian gyrus and the ventro-posterior arm on the posterior ectosylvian gyrus. All three parts of the crescent appear to have an auditory function, because ablating the inferior colliculus or inserting a contralateral earplug reduced their deoxyglucose uptake. This was shown by using two separately distinguishable forms of 2-deoxyglucose, incorporating the 18F and 14C isotopes. In addition, another area of high deoxyglucose activity was identified in the ventral wall of the suprasylvian sulcus, which seems to correspond to the anterior auditory field. These four areas with high deoxyglucose uptake also have high levels of succinate dehydrogenase activity and moderately high densities of myelinated fibres. Succinate dehydrogenase histochemistry provides a simple method for identifying auditory cortical areas and should be of use in future physiological studies. These results provide evidence that the ferret has four separate auditory areas with relatively high metabolic and functional activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050245
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