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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developing a kinetic alternative in modeling soil aluminium (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 79 (1995), S. 377-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soil chemistry models often use gibbsite solubility and similar equilibrium models to predict Al concentrations in soil solution. A kinetic alternative was developed with the goal of finding universal rate constants instead of the site- and depth-specific solubility constants usually associated with the equilibrium approach. The behavior of the two approaches was studied within the framework of the steady-state soil chemistry model PROFILE using data from Solling, Germany and Gårdsjön, Sweden, two sites with different mineralogy and land use history. The kinetic alternative uses a mass balance to predict Al concentrations. The sources of Al in soil water are deposition, weathering and mineralization. The sinks are leaching and the formation of an aluminosilicate precursor. The precursor slowly transforms into an ordinary clay mineral. Both formation and transformation of the precursor are treated as irreversible processes. The kinetic model introduces a new relationship between pH and Al and produces a systematic pattern of different apparent gibbsite equilibrium constants at different depths. Results show that the kinetic model systematically underestimates Al concentration in the upper horizons, which indicates that there may be additional sources of Al in the upper horizons not accounted for in the model. Predicted values of pH and Al concentrations are comparable with field observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01100448
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Terrestrial liming as a tool to mitigate acidification of woods lake, NY (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 54 (1990), S. 509-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Soil Liming Model (SLiM) has been used to simulate lake and stream water quality response to different strategies for the application of limestone to subcatchment soils in the Woods Lake, NY watershed. Simulations using doses of 3, 10, or 30 t ha−1 forecast that a dose in excess of 10 t ha−1 must be applied to discharge areas in order to sufficiently improve water quality in the lake. At 3 t ha−1 inlet stream water quality could support fish populations. As expected, treatment effectiveness is strongly influenced by subcatchment hydrologic flow paths. Where shallow flow predominates, soil liming provides a more effective tool for lake water quality improvement. In subcatchments drained primarily by ground water, the effect of liming on water quality is less pronounced albeit of longer duration. Based upon the results of these model simulations, the authors compare results of conventional lake liming to simulated watershed treatment predictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02385151
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of weathering and forestry in determining the acidity of Lakes in Sweden (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 52 (1990), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The long term acidity level of a lake is determined by the balance between acidity input to the catchment and the generation of alkalinity in the catchment. If the input of acidity through biomass net production and the production of alkalinity through weathering of minerals can be estimated, then the steady-state acidity level can be calculated for the lake under a certain acid deposition rate. Such a calculation has been carried out for 8 lakes ranging from acid to neutral. For lakes with the most sensitive soils in the catchment, the critical acid deposition load that will permit the lake to stay neutral, may be less than zero acidity, indicating that the forest growth is contributing to the acidification of very sensitive system under the present forest managements methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283115
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Terrestrial liming as a tool to mitigate acidification of Woods Lake, NY (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 54 (1990), S. 509-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Soil Liming Model (SLiM) has been used to simulate lake and stream water quality response to different strategies for the application of limestone to subcatchment soils in the Woods Lake, NY watershed. Simulations using doses of 3, 10, or 30 t ha−1 forecast that a dose in excess of 10 t ha−1 must be applied to discharge areas in order to sufficiently improve water quality in the lake. At 3 t ha−1 inlet stream water quality could support fish populations. As expected, treatment effectiveness is strongly influenced by subcatchment hydrologic flow paths. Where shallow flow predominates, soil liming provides a more effective tool for lake water quality improvement. In subcatchments drained primarily by ground water, the effect of liming on water quality is less pronounced albeit of longer duration. Based upon the results of these model simulations, the authors compare results of conventional lake liming to simulated watershed treatment predictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298690
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uncertainty in predicting weathering rate and environmental stress factors with the profile model (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 81 (1995), S. 1-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The PROFILE model is a steady state soil chemistry model which is used to calculate soil weathering rate. The model has also been used to calculate critical loads of acidity and N to forest soils, using the ratio of Ca+Mg+K to total inorganic aluminium in the soil solution as criterion, and to surface waters, using the ANC leached from the soil column as criterion. An uncertainty analysis of the PROFILE model was performed by Monte Carlo analysis, varying input parameter errors individually and simultaneously in ranges of ±10–100%, depending on parameter. The uncretainty in calculation of weathering rate, ANC leaching and ratio of Ca+Mg+K to inorganic Al in the soil solution was studied for three Nordic sites. Furthermore, the effect of uncertainty in estimates of critical load for forest soils was assessed. The analysis shows that the weathering rate can be calculated with high precision, provided that the errors of input parameter are within the range that has been reported in the literature. The model tend to be less sensitive to errors in input parameters for the range of conditions where forest damage is most likely to occur. Critical loads of acid deposition for one site calculated on the basis of the model varies within a largest range of ±40%. A study of one geographical grid included in the Swedish critical loads assessment shows that with the number of calculation points in the grid, the distribution of critical loads will stay stable independently of stochastic errors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477253
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling acidification and recover in the roofed catchment at Lake Gårdsjön (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1753-1758 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acid deposition ; soil chemistry ; surface water ; experimental manipulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The dynamic, biogeochemical model SAFE was applied to a roofed subcatchment G1 at Gårdsjön, Sweden. The roof was installed in 1991, and deposition of anthropogenic S and N reduced by ca. 90%. Initiated from pre-industrial steady-state conditions, SAFE predicts present levels of biologically relevant chemical properties (pH, inorganic Al and base cations). SAFE overestimates the short-term effects of the manipulation on runoff pH, while the modeled decline in inorganic Al and and base cations are comparable to observations. Temporal variability and too few years of measured data make model to data comparison difficult. Sulfate desorption, which is not included in SAFE, may introduce a time lag between modeled and measured data. Reductions of S and N inputs by 90% will lead to a recovery in pH, low A1 but extremely low base cations concentrations due to replenishment of exchange sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477233
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Critical loads of acidity and nitrogen, based on multiple criteria for different swedish ecosystems (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2375-2380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Critical load ; acidity ; nitrogen ; Norway spruce ; Scots pine ; ground vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The critical loads of acidity and nitrogen has been mapped for Swedish forest soils, using data from the Swedish Forest Inventory. The Swedish critical load map used in negotiations has been based on a number of ecological receptors. For terrestrial ecosystems criteria based on no adverse effect on growth, soil stability and groundwater quality was used. For surface waters, stream and lake biology was used as indicators for setting limits to acidification. A reduction of 75% of the acidity deposition in relation to 1988 is required in order to protect 95% of the forest resource in Sweden from effects of soil acidification. A reduction of 50% of the nitrogen deposition is required to avoid exceedance in more than 5% of the area. The mapping work was carried out by using the PROFILE model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186189
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of critical load exceedances in abatement strategy planning (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2431-2436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Critical loads ; acidity ; sulphur ; variability ; abatement strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Critical loads for sulphur and nitrogen are defined to produce effective control strategies over Europe, such as those of the new sulphur protocol. To determine the critical load exceedances on the European scale it is necessary to simplify and generalize. The spatial variation on a scale smaller than the 150 × 150 km EMEP grid squares is considered for critical loads, via a cumulative frequency distribution and the 95 percentile for the grid square is determined. The deposition is assumed to be uniform over the area and the exceedance over the 95 percentile critical load is determined. In reality, the spatial variation is considerable for critical loads as well as for deposition. Calculations based on the frequency of local critical load exceedances have been made for two grid squares in southern Sweden. Local critical loads for acidity are compared to local deposition. Deposition variations due to pollution gradients within the square and to ecosystem structure have been considered. The results are similar for the two squares. The calculations based on local exceedances on 50×50 km grid squares and consideration to landuse variability, indicate that in order to protect 95% of the ecosystems in the square, emission reductions 25% greater than the large-scale European approach are needed. The effect of enhanced deposition at forest edges is of relatively small importance for the total exceedance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186198
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional assessment of the temporal trends in soil acidification in Southern Sweden, using the safe model (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2509-2514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; Dynamic modeling ; regional
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The dynamic soil acidification model SAFE was applied to 44 forested sites in Skåne, southern Sweden, using available Swedish databases on present soil status, vegetation and deposition. Time series of deposition were derived for each site from present deposition in a generalized fashion by dividing deposition into different classes and scaling with deposition trends from the literature. This study connects the current status of the soil and the soil development with critical load maps calculated with the steady-state model PROFILE. The model was calibrated against measurements of present base saturation from the Swedish Forest Inventory. Model output was compared with available measurements of soil water chemistry. Model output was used to assess the time delay between changes in acidic input and system response in terms of exchangeable base cations and pH. The model was also used for scenario analysis, applying the reductions agreed in the Oslo Protocol to assess the environmental benefits of the agreement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186211
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regionalization of critical loads under uncertainty (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2515-2520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Regionalization ; critical loads ; forest ; uncertainty ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The steady-state model PROFILE was used to perform Monte Carlo simulations of critical loads of acidity and exceedances of forest soils for 128 sites in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. Statistical tests showed that 100 sites had normal distributed critical loads and exceedances and that the variance of these parameters was statistically equal for all sites. Pooled estimates of the standard deviation was 0.19 and 0.31 kmolc ha−1 yr−1 for the critical loads and exceedances, respectively. Introduction of uncertainties, expressed as confidence intervals, in the cumulative distribution function for critical loads showed that overlaps between percentiles were substantial. The 5%-ile was systematically equal to the 57%-ile using a 67% confidence interval and equal to the 87%-ile when a 95% confidence level was chosen. The overlaps of percentiles cause a reduction of acidic deposition according to the mean value of the 5%-ile to protect only 68% of the ecosystem area with an 84% probability and not a guaranteed protection of 95% as if uncertainties did not exist. Thus, uncertainties make it possible to advocate reductions to levels of deposition below the 5%-tile of critical loads.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186212
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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