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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 124 (1965), S. 367-395 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die kleinen Gefäße und perivasculären Gewebsräume wurden während der Entwicklung des Zentralnervensystems in verschiedenen Teilen des Gehirns und Rückenmarks licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht, um die morphologischen Grundlagen der Blutgewebsschranke im Bereich der terminalen Strombahn in ihrem Feinbau zu erfassen. Als Material dienten Hühnerembryonen, die 41/2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 18 Tage bebrütet wurden, am 21. Tage geschlüpfte Küken und 4 und 7 Wochen alte Tiere. Um die Gefäßentwicklung möglichst umfassend darzustellen, wurde die Vascularisierung der neuroektodermalen Matrix, der Schwärmzone, der weißen und grauen Substanz in verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien analysiert. Die Entwicklung der Gefäße und die Entwicklung der perivasculären Gewebsräume kann in drei Phasen gegliedert werden. In beiden Ebenen der Bluthirnschranke laufen wichtige Differenzierungs- und Reifungsvorgänge ab, die wir für eine während der Ontogenese modifizierte Bluthirnschranke verantwortlich machen. Von Anfang an stoßen die Gefäße ohne Basalmembran und ohne perivasculären Raum unmittelbar an die Elemente des neuroektodermalen Gewebes. Da weder perivasculär noch im Gewebe selbst ein größerer extracellulärer Diffusionsraum vorhanden ist, ist es naheliegend anzunehmen, daß auch während der Ontogenese des Zentralnervensystems intra- und transcelluläre Transportmechanismen eine wichtige Rolle für die Ernährung spielen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 24 (1973), S. 287-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: S-100 Protein ; Experimental Neurogenic Tumors ; Nitrosourea ; Rat ; Complement Fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary S-100 protein, a soluble protein restricted to the nervous system, was measured by complement fixation in 51 neurogenic and non-neurogenic tumors produced by either methylnitrosourea or ethylnitrosourea in three different strains of rats. Nineteen of the 51 neurogenic tumors were neoplasms of the central nervous system (18 of the brain, 1 of the spinal cord). They were diagnosed morphologically as 5 mixed gliomas, 4 anaplastic gliomas, 4 glioependymomas, 1 ependymoma, 3 gliosarcomas, and 2 unclassified tumors. With the exception of one anaplastic glioma and one gliosarcoma, all other central nervous system tumors contained S-100 protein, ranging from 0.005–0.13% of the total 35000 g supernatant protein. S-100 protein was also demonstrated in 21 of the 22 tumors of the peripheral nervous system, originating from the trigeminal nerves, the spinal roots, and from peripheral nerves. The average S-100 protein content of these tumors was 0.2% (range 0.02–1.6%). A possible correlation between S-100 protein content and tumor differentiation must be evaluated. S-100 protein was detected in only one of 10 neoplasms morphologically classified as non-neurogenic (7 sarcomas, 2 carcinomas, and 1 hemangioendothelioma). On the basis of its S-100 protein content, one tumor was reclassified as a neurosarcoma. The sensitivity and the high degree of specificity of the S-100 protein assay makes it a useful biochemical tool for the identification of neurogenic tumors. The presence of S-100 protein must be considered as a definitive indication for neural cell participation in neoplastic growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 51 (1980), S. 107-111 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental glioma ; Cell culture ; Transplantation ; Cell cycle analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Aberrant biological characteristics of established cell lines and clones, derived from nitrosourea-induced gliomas in CDF rats were compared with normal rat glial cells. Despite their tumorigenicity and unrestrained proliferation due to inherent cytogenetic anomalies, these neoplastic cells retained certain normal glial attributes to a variable degree. Differentiated glioma cells resembled normal glial cells to a greater extent than they resembled anaplastic glioma cells. They were also less malignant upon implantation. Cell cycle analyses revealed that considerable variations not only for the G1 phase but also for the S period were demonstrated among different tumor cell types. Shortening of the G1 phase may dictate a shorter generation time (shorter doubling time) since a larger potential proliferative pool may overcome the effect of a prolonged generation period and may constitute a faster proliferation rate. Although the cell generation period of neoplastic cells is not necessarily shorter than that of normal glial cells, the lower proportion of non-proliferative cells results in a much faster growth rate when compared to non-neoplastic glial cells in culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Blood-nerve barrier ; Immunoglobulin G ; Avidin-biotin system ; Postembedding cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To study the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-nerve barrier (BNB) for immunoglobulin G (IgG) we adapted the avidin-biotin system for postembedding demonstration of the tracer IgG in the central and peripheral nervous system (CNS, PNS). Normal mouse and human IgG were biotinylated and injected daily into the intraperitoneal (i.p.) space of adult BDF1 mice. After 24 h, IgG was detected in blood vessels and in the interstitium of various organs, but staining was restricted to the dura mater in the CNS, to the spinal ganglia, and to the perineurium of peripheral nerves. After 4 days, IgG was also present in the endoneurial connective tissue of peripheral nerves, while the brain, spinal cord, and spinal roots remained free of IgG. Our results show a partial permeability of the normal mouse BNB for homologous and heterologous IgG.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Metastasis ; Hematogenous ; Glioma lines ; Medulloblastoma line ; Schwannoma line ; Nude mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cells of two human glioma lines (UC-35AG, UC-58EG), a human medulloblastoma line (UC-51MB), two rat glioma lines C6, RG2), and a rat schwannoma line (Lew-MS) were injected i.v. into male nude mice (BALB/c nu/nu). Each animal was injected with 106 viable cells of a particular line; for each line there was a group of eight to nine animals. The mice developed disseminated (metastatic) tumors from all lines. The incidence of mice developing metastatic tumors was different for the various lines: 2/8 for the UC-51MB, 7/8 for the C6 line, 8/8 for the RG2 and 1/9 for the Lew-MS line. The shortest survival of the mice with tumors was observed with C6 (all died on days 10–14 post injection), and with RG2 (all died from day 32 to day 39 following injection). With the remaining lines, all mice survived until they were killed on day 40 after injection. Most frequently the tumors developed in the lung. Other organs, e.g., kidney or liver, were sometimes also involved, but usually to a considerably lesser degree than the lung. Metastases never developed in the CNS. It was observed that tumors of certain glioma lines tended to grow in the lung in characteristic patterns and involved or spared other organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 7 (1966), S. 26-43 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This report deals with the ultrastructural alterations of the skeletal musculature in a typical case of polymyositis. Based on EM-observations the fine structural details of young and old, acute and chronic lesions of the striated muscle fibers are described. There is a great variety of lesions with respect to the myofibrils, the mitochondria, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the sarcoplasm and the nucleic. Minor alterations are disseminated minute destructions of single fibrils and sarcomeres. There is also a peculiar accumulation of fine granules in the ground substance of the sarcoplasm, sometimes with an increase of liposomes. Only in some muscle fibers there is an unusually large amount of fat granules. Fatty degeneration with myelin-like alterations have been observed. On the other hand, there are acute and chronic destructions of a great number of the myofibrils leading finally to muscle fiber atrophy. The existence of special arrangements of smooth tubular structures in a regular form is noteworthy. Another type of fiber alterations is the so-called vacuolar degeneration. This type is due to multiple lesions with focal cytoplasm necrosis (circumscribed destruction of myofibrils and all cell organelles). The necrotic material is transformed into vacuoles in which chemical digestions occur. Finally the fine structural picture of more complex muscle fiber degenerations with vacuolization and hyaline metamorphosis of the myofibrils are described. Based on our EM findings we were not able to make a contribution to the etiology and pathogenesis of this case of polymyositis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anhand eines Falles von rezidivierender Polymyositis wird über die licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Befunde am Biopsiematerial berichtet. Dem myositischen Prozeß liegt ein breites Spektrum von alten und frischen, akuten und chronischen Veränderungen zugrunde. Analysiert wurden die Störungen der einzelnen Bauelemente der Skeletmuskulatur, also die Veränderungen des Sarkoplasmas, der Myofibrillen, der Zellorganellen, der Kerne und des Sarkolemms. In den Frühstadien fallen nur leichte disseminierte Fibrillenuntergänge sowie eigenartige Veränderungen des Sarkoplasmas mit feingranulärer Akkumulation auf. Es hängt von der Art, der Aktuität und dem Stadium des Prozesses ab, ob ein disseminierter, partieller oder generalisierter Untergang des Fibrillenapparates auftritt. Bei den akuten (disseminierten) Fibrillolysen kommt es relativ rasch zum Untergang der Filamente im Bereich einzelner Sarkomere und Fibrille. Diese Art des Fibrillen-unterganges unterscheidet sich von den Veränderungen bei den verschiedenen Arten der Muskelatrophie. Der vacuolären Muskelfaserdegeneration liegen umschriebene intraplasmatische Nekrosen zugrunde, die in sich bildenden Vacuolen aufgenommen werden, wo der chemische Abbau stattfindet. Die afibrillären Muskelfaseratrophien bei Polymyositis lassen sich weder licht- noch elektronenmikroskopisch von fortgeschrittenen Atrophiestadien anderer Krankheiten unterscheiden. Zur Ätiologie der Polymyositis wird nichts beigetragen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Glial fibrillary acidic protein ; Vimentin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Rat Gliomas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin was investigated immuno-histochemically in 104 experimental gliomas induced by transplancental application of ethylnitrosourea (ENU) in CDF rats. Immunoreactivity for vimentin was prominent in many astrocytic tumor cells and especially in small glioma cells forming anaplastic medulloblastoma-like foci in many tumors. The majority of tumor cells in oligodendroglial tumors were vimentin negative, except for some of the large polymorphous oligodendrogliomas which contained intermingled vimentin positive glioma cells. GFAP immunoreactivity was detectable only in a low fraction of tumor astrocytes and in a few exceptional cases some oligodendroglial tumor cells stained positive. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies against neurofilaments and cytokeratins revealed no staining in tumor cells of ENU-induced gliomas, while all oligoden-drogliomatous tumors stained positive for HNK-1. Immunocytological and immunoblot investigations of the two rat glioma cell clones RG2 and F98, which are both derived from ENU-induced gliomas, showed a prominent expression of vimentin in monolayer cultures and in syngeneic intracerebral transplantation tumors. F98 additionally demonstrated a fraction of GFAP positive cells especially in confluent cultures and in intracerebral tumors. RG2, on the other hand, exhibited virtually no GFAP immunoreactivity in culture but showed individual GFAP positive tumor cells in intracerebral tumors. Our results revealed a more precise picture of the cellular differentiation in ENU-induced rat gliomas and in two widely used glioma cell lines. They underline the heterogeneity of experimental rat gliomas which may comprise cells at different stages of differentiation towards the oligodendroglial or astroglial phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Peripheral neuropathy ; Cryoglobulinemia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural sural nerve and skin biopsy findings in a case of cryoglobulinemia secondary to an IgM-kappa-producing non-Hodgkin lymphoma are described. The main finding was an occlusive microangiopathy present in both the sural nerve and the skin. Widespread cryoglobulin deposits of the proliferated vasa nervorum were associated with pronounced changes probably evoked by ischemia. Moderate perivascular inflammation, but no florid vasculitis was additionally present. Our observations indicate that occlusive microangiopathy by precipitated cryoglobulins may be a relevant pathogenetic factor in cryoglobulinemic peripheral neuropathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 1 (1961), S. 85-100 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 5 cases of air embolism have been reported. Tissue changes, due to temporary closure of the vessels occurred chiefly as laminary or as infarctionlike elective neuronal necrosis, similar in their topography to lesions from temporary cerebral ischemia. Besides these changes, spots of pure demyelination, but without any neuronal damage, were present in the cerebral cortex and in the white matter of 3 cases. Their similarities to and distinctions from foci of multiple sclerosis and cortical demyelination in general paresis are discussed. Local edema following local injury of the vessel wall by mechanical or hypoxic conditions is supposed to be of pathogenic significance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird an Hand von fünf einschlägigen Fällen darauf hingewiesen, daß bei cerebraler Luftembolie neben den von temporären Gefäßverschlüssen abhängigen, nekrotisierenden Vorgängen, die meist als laminäre oder infarktartige elektive Parenchymnekrosen in Erscheinung treten, relativ häufig auch “reine” Entmarkungsprozesse auftreten. Die Parenchymnekrosen ähneln in ihrer Topographie dem Schädigungsmuster bei temporärer cerebraler Totalischämie. Die davon unabhängigen, im Rindengrau und in der weißen Substanz liegenden Bezirke völliger und teilweiser Entmarkung lassen die Nervenzellen unberührt; Abbau und Organisation, die an einem Fall mit einer Manifestationszeit von 10 Wochen verfolgt werden konnten, vollziehen sich unter Produktion spärlicher Fettkörnchenzellen und gemästeter Astrocyten. Auf Ähnlichkeiten und Divergenzen mit den Herden bei multipler Sklerose und den Rindenentmarkungen bei progressiver Paralyse wird hingewiesen. Pathogenetisch sind lokale Ödeme in Betracht zu ziehen, deren Genese als lokaler Hypoxieeffekt oder Folge örtlicher Gefäßwandschädigung durch Gasembolie diskutiert wird.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Nitrosourea ; Glioma ; Schwannoma ; Hydrolases ; Oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nitrosourea induced tumors of the nervous system in rats have proven useful for biochemical studies combined with morphological approaches. The pattern of enzyme activities for acid hydrolases and cytochrome oxidase resemble those previously observed in spontaneous nervous system tumors of man. The activities of 4 acid hydrolases were generally high in the gliomas. This could not be attributed solely to zones of regression or necrosis but was a general characteristic of the neoplasms. The activities were predominantly particulate and most likely lysosomal in localization. In schwannomas a similar increase in hydrolases was found in comparison with normal neural tissues but aryl-sulfatase was not increased. Cytochrome oxidase activities were markedly reduced in all tumors studied. The proportionate reduction with respect to normal brain was comparable to that noted in man. No differences were found with respect to fairly well differentiated gliomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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