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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Test Theory and Methods (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Psychology 32 (1981), S. 629-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4308
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.32.020181.003213
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of furosemide and pentoxifylline on the flow properties of equine erythrocytes:In vitro studies (1994)
    Springer
    Veterinary research communications 18 (1994), S. 373-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7446
    Keywords: blood flow ; erythrocytes ; exercise ; furosemide ; haemorrheology ; horse ; pentoxifylline ; pulmonary haemorrhage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of various concentrations of furosemide and pentoxifylline on equine RBCin vitro were evaluated to facilitate better understanding of the potential effects of these drugs on blood flow properties. Furosemide induced increased mean cell volume (MCV), increased RBC potassium concentration, increased whole blood viscosity, and decreased the RBC filtrability. These data indicate that furosemide may block the RBC membrane transport pathways resulting in potassium and water retention. The increase in size and the resultant decrease in the surface-area-to-volume ratio may have caused the impaired RBC filtrability and increased blood viscosity. Pentoxifylline improved RBC filtrability without changing the RBC size or the potassium or chloride concentrations, suggesting that pentoxifylline may increase the deformability of the RBC membrane. The study indicated that pentoxifylline has potential therapeutic applications for improving microvascular blood flow but that furosemide may have adverse effects on blood flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01839288
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro expression and inhibition of procoagulant activity produced by bovine alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood cells (1996)
    Springer
    Veterinary research communications 20 (1996), S. 519-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7446
    Keywords: cattle ; cyclosporin A ; macrophages ; pasteurellosis ; pentoxifylline ; pneumonia ; procoagulant activity ; retinoic acid ; tissue factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Local and systemic activation of coagulation is frequently associated with bacterial sepsis. The coagulopathy is due, at least in part, to expression of tissue factor (TF) by monocytes and macrophages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of procoagulant activity by bovine alveolar macrophages, leukocytes and platelets, and to determine the relative potency of three chemical inhibitors of TF expression (pentoxifylline, retinoic acid, and cyclosporin A). Bovine alveolar macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Pasteurella haemolytica or recombinant bovine tumour nervous factor (TNF) and dose- and time-dependent effects on TF expression were studied. LPS and TNF induced TF expression in alveolar macrophages and LPS treatment of whole blood induced TF expression in mononuclear cells. Neutrophils and platelets also expressed procoagulant activity, but this activity was not inhibited by anti-bovine TF monoclonal antibody. Pentoxifylline (40 μmol/L), retinoic acid (0.01 mmol/L) and cyclosporin A (0.08 μmol/L) inhibited TF expression when added concurrently with LPS or TNF, but not when added 4 h after stimulation. TF mRNA was not detected in unstimulated alveolar macrophages by Northern blot analysis. In contrast, exposure to LPS or TNF for 6 h induced marked expression of TF mRNA, which was inhibited by treatment with pentoxifylline, retinoic acid and cyclosporin A. Expression of TNF by alveolar macrophages stimulated with LPS was also inhibited by these compounds. Our results indicate that procoagulant activity expressed by alveolar macrophages and monocytes is associated with expression of TF, whereas procoagulant activity expressed by neutrophils and platelets is not. The concentrations of pentoxifylline and retinoic acid necessary for inhibition of TF expression in vitro may not be achievable in vivo owing to their toxic effects. However, the in vitro concentration of cyclosporin A that inhibited TF expression did not exceed the plasma concentration observed in humans, and therefore may be useful for inhibition of TF expression in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00396295
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased mechanical fragility and intravascular lysis of erythrocytes in cats fed a propylene glycol-containing diet (1992)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 2 (1992), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Cats ; Heinz bodies ; Propylene glycol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism responsible for the decreased red blood cell (RBC) lifespan associated with feeding propylene glycol (PG)-containing diets was investigated to understand better how Heinz body-contained RBC are destroyed. Three cats were fed a diet containing 12% PG for 14 days and three other cats served as control. The experimental group developed reticulocytosis and increased Heinz body numbers. Red blood cell membrane immunoglobulih G (IgG) concentration and phagocytosis of RBC by peritoneal macrophages were lower in the PG group compared to the control group suggesting that neither IgG nor non-IgG-mediated phagocytosis was responsible for the RBC destruction. Osmotic fragility, rate of RBC proteolysis and mild mechanical fragility test results were not statistically different from controls. However, when RBC from cats fed PG were exposed to severe mechanical stress, their fragility were increased 2.2–2.8 times. Additionally, haptoglobin concentrations were decreased in the PG group. These data suggest that intravascular lysis may be involved in the pathogenesis of PG-induced RBC destruction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426170
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical and rheological implications of echinocytosis in the horse: A review (1993)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 3 (1993), S. 185-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Echinocytes ; Hemorheology ; Horses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Spiculated erythrocytes, termed echinocytes, are frequently found in blood smears from sick horses. Echinocytes have been hypothesized to be rigid cells with the potential to obstruct the microvasculature. Recent studies have associated echinocytosis with disorders causing electrolyte depletion. Echinocytosis has been induced by repeated administration of furosemide. Echinocytes produced in this manner are more deformable than normal discocytes. Therefore, echinocytes may represent a physiologic adaptation of fluid and electrolyte depletion and serve as a sensitive indicator of the need for electrolyte supplementation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02341964
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Filterability of equine erythrocytes and whole blood: Effects of haematocrit, pore size and flow rate (1994)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 4 (1994), S. 11-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Equine ; Erythrocytes ; Rheology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The filterability of equine RBC and whole blood was evaluated to better understanding the effects of exercise-associated haemoconcentration and increased cardiac output on the flow properties of blood in the microvasculature. When RBC were filtered through filters with 3 µm pores (3 µm filters), the initial increase in filtration pressure (Pi) increased 4.6-fold between packed cell volumes (PCV) of 5% and 40%. Filters with 5 µm pores had lower Pi at all PCV studied and the absolute increase in Pi with increasing PCV was minimal. Increasing the flow rate resulted in marked increases in Pi for 3 µm filters. The Pi for 5 µm filters also increased with increasing flow rate but values were consistently less than for 3 µm filters. The Pi values for horse RBC were less than those for human RBC at all flow rates evaluated. Calculated wall shear stress values were much higher for 3 µm filters than those for 5 µm filters. Filtration pressures and wall shear stress values for whole blood were greater than those for RBC for both 3 µm and 5 µm filters. These data suggest that changes in PCV and flow rate may significantly alter shear forces in the microvasculature particularly in vessels approaching 3 µm in diameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368260
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Retrospective Study of Feline Pancytopenia (2000)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 10 (2000), S. 50-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Key words:Cat – Pancytopenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: To better define the incidence and causes of feline pancytopenia we reviewed cases of pancytopenia submitted to the University of Minnesota, Veterinary Teaching Hospital over an 18-month period. Pancytopenia was defined as a combination of anaemia (packed cell volume 〈 26%), neutropenia (segmented neutrophils 〈 3000/μl), and thrombocytopenia (platelet counts 〈 200 000/μl). Of 2011 complete blood counts reviewed, pancytopenia was detected in 56 (2.8%). Associated clinical disorders included drug-associated disorders (n = 9) infectious diseases (n= 14) immune-mediated haematological diseases (n= 3), chronic renal failure (n = 3), idiopathic aplastic anaemia (n= 3), and other causes (n= 5). Results of this study indicate that feline pancytopenia has multiple causes and that the prognosis is dependent on the cause of the pancytopenia. Differentiation of the various causes of pancytopenia requires a systematic approach that includes evaluation of infectious, drug-induced, and immune-mediated causes, and examination of bone marrow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005800070027
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Filterability of density-separated equine erythrocytes, neutrophils and mononuclear cells (1994)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 4 (1994), S. 192-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Deformability ; Equine ; Erythrocyte ; Haemorrheology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The filterability of density-separated fractions of red blood cells (RBC), neutrophils and mononuclear cells was evaluated to determine their relative contribution to resistance to blood flow. Increasing RBC density was associated with smaller cell size, greater haemoglobin concentration, and improved filterability. Filtration of RBC, after adrenaline-induced splenic contraction, failed to identify a population of non-deformable RBC. Leucocytes filtered less readily compared to RBC. Neutrophils and mononuclear cells produced similar initial pressure increments but mononuclear cells had a greater potential to plug pores in the filters. Our results indicate both RBC and leucocytes may contribute to resistance to blood flow. A subpopulation of non-deformable RBC could not be identified in circulating blood or in blood after adrenaline-induced splenic contraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185172
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of sodium and potassium concentrations and pH on equine erythrocyte volume and deformability (1997)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 7 (1997), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Cation transport ; Deformability ; Equine ; Erythrocytes ; Haemorrheology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract During strenuous exercise, equine erythrocyte deformability is transiently decreased. Decreased deformability is associated with increased cell volume, decreased cell density and increased intracellular sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations. To better understand these changes, we attempted to reproduce exercise-associated changes in erythrocytes in vitro by adjusting plasma sodium, potassium and pH to levels which occur during racing activity. Increasing plasma sodium to 145 meq/1 and plasma potassium to 8 meq/1 resulted in decreased erythrocyte filterability, increased cell volume, and increased intracellular sodium, potassium and chloride. Incubation of erythrocytes with frusemide and bumetanide, but not ouabain or [(dihydroindenyl)oxy]alkanoic acid (DIOA), attenuated these changes. Decreasing plasma pH to 7.0 also decreased erythrocyte filterability, increased cell volume, and increased intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride. Ouabain, but not frusemide or bumetanide, prevented the decrease infilterability and attenuated the increase in intracellular sodium. Addition of DIOA exacerbated the effect of pH on erythrocyte filterability. Therefore, exercise-associated changes in erythrocyte deformability, size and electrolyte concentration can be reproduced in vitro by increasing plasma sodium and potassium concentrations and by decreasing pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01320997
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Haemorrheology of Equine Platelet–Neutrophil Aggregates (1999)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 9 (1999), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Key words:Haemorrheology – Platelet activation – Platelet–neutrophil aggregates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The filterability of platelet–neutrophil aggregates through filters containing 5 μm pores was determined to evaluate the potential of platelet–neutrophil aggregates to alter blood flow in the microvasculature. Incubation of platelet–neutrophil mixture with platelet-activating factor (PAF) and with 0.5 μm adenosine diphosphate (ADP) resulted in large platelet–neutrophil aggregates which rapidly plugged filter pores. Incubation of platelet–neutrophil mixtures with lower concentrations of ADP resulted in small platelet–neutrophil aggregates that contained only one neutrophil. Filtration of these samples resulted in a 1.3-, 3.2- and 3.7-fold increase in initial filtration pressure at ADP concentrations of 0.05, 0.15 and 0.25 μm, respectively. We conclude that platelet–neutrophil aggregates have reduced deformability and may alter blood flow in the microvasculature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00010009
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