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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Skin permeability barrier and occlusion: no delay of repair in irritated human skin (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 35 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: It has been reported that occlusive treatment of irritated skin results in a reduction of barrier repair activities in hairless mice. In contrast, the clinically observed benefit of occlusion in the treatment of hand eczema and other chronic skin diseases with a perturbed barrier function is well–known. While the beneficial effect of occlusion has been proven for the treatment on psoriasis there are no controlled clinical studies of the effect of occlusion on irritated human skin. We have therefore evaluated the effect of various occlusive treatments on repair of the human skin permeability barrier under controlled experimental conditions. Barrier perturbation was induced either by application of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or by repeated tape stripping. This was followed by treatment with different occlusive and semipermeable dressings, partly alter pre-treatment with petrolatum. Repair of water barrier function was evaluated by daily measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) for 1 week. SLS irritation and tape stripping led to a 6-fold increase in TEWL as a sign of severe water barrier perturbation, followed by a stepwise decrease over the following days. Occlusion did not significantly delay barrier repair as measured by TEWL. Only in tape-stripped skin did TEWL stay at high levels during treatment with self-adhesive dressings. This may be explained by damage of newly formed stratum corneum caused by changing of these membranes. Our results indicate that, in contrast to earlier observations in hairless mouse skin, permeability barrier repair activities are not significantly delayed by occlusive treatment in human skin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02335.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in function and morphology of normal human skin: evaluation using optical coherence tomography (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 150 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background  Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive morphological method for investigating human skin. It allows high-resolution in vivo imaging of inflammatory skin diseases and tumours. Because it is a newly developed method, systematic studies on standardization and on evaluation of factors influencing the representation of the skin have not yet been performed.Objectives  In this study, normal human skin was treated with various external stimuli which induce changes of function and morphology. Changes in stratum corneum thickness as well as changes induced by pigmentation, oedema and erythema were investigated using OCT.Methods  Healthy skin of human volunteers was treated with tape stripping, ultraviolet A irradiation, water, histamine, nicotinic acid and various ointments.Results  In the tape stripping experiment, the thickness of the horny layer was quantified and monitored. Pigmentation increased the light attenuation of the tissue, whereas hydration and erythema led to a slight decrease of scattering. Topical treatment of the skin gave a nonspecific increase of penetration depth of the light due to the lower reflectivity of the surface.Conclusions  There are various physiological conditions which influence optical properties of the skin. These parameters should be considered when performing standardized OCT studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05810.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of body water distribution on skin thickness: measurements using high-frequency ultrasound (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 144 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Although it is known that the skin acts as a water reservoir and participates in the fluid content of the whole body, no method has been established to quantify the fluid shifts in superficial tissue. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate changes in dermal and subcutis thickness and echodensity at the forehead and lower leg by high-frequency (20 MHz) ultrasound under various physiological conditions influencing water balance. Methods These parameters were measured in the skin of 20 healthy male volunteers at baseline and successively at 30 min after lying down, in a head-down position, after physical activity and after infusion of 10 mL kg−1 body weight of Ringer’s solution. Results Dermal thickness at the forehead showed a significant increase from baseline to a horizontal position and a further increase in the head-down position. Physical activity did not lead to further changes, whereas after fluid infusion the dermal thickness also increased markedly. The echodensity showed inverse changes, with decreasing values. The thickness of the subcutis increased slightly from baseline to a lying position and decreased in the head-down position and after fluid infusion. At the lower leg, skin thickness decreased slightly in the head-down position with elevated legs, and increased after fluid infusion. Conclusions Our results show that slight changes in the water distribution of the body influence the thickness and the echodensity of the dermis. Changes are more pronounced at the forehead than on the lower legs. Further, the fluid storage takes place mainly in the dermis and not in the subcutis. High-frequency ultrasound is able to quantify these effects and is a sensitive method for measuring fluid intake and balance during anaesthesia and therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04180.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaktive EC (pp) pi-Systeme - XIII. [2 + 4]-Cycloadditionen mit Selenocarbonyldifluorid als Dienophil
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 340 (1988), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-328X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022-328X(88)80071-8
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaktive EC(pp)π-systeme XXII. Trifluormethylselenocarbonylfluorid: Darstellung und reaktionen mit 1,3-dienen sowie sekundaren aminen
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 386 (1990), S. 321-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-328X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022-328X(90)80005-K
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between transepidermal water loss and temperature of the measuring probe (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Skin research and technology 3 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is an important parameter for the determination of skin barrier function. The open chamber method has been established as the technique of choice in most dermatological laboratories for measurements of TEWL. However, the influence of the probe temperature on TEWL measurements has been the subject of recent controversial debates. In this study the relationship between TEWL measured with the Tewameter and temperature of the measuring probe was therefore investigated by comparing two different measuring techniques.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Methods: For one measurement, the probe was kept at room temperature (20°C) and for the other one, the probe was preheated to the actual temperature of the measuring object before obtaining the values. Measurements were performed on evaporative standards (EvSs) and healthy individuals. For the EvSs, semipermeable membranes were pulled over a petri dish filled with water, which could be heated.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Results: TEWL values were found to depend on the temperature of the probe. TEWL values were higher when measured with the preheated probe. However, long-term measurements revealed that TEWL values measured with the unheated probe reached those higher TEWL values after approximately 8 min measuring time.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusions: The final TEWL value was reached after shorter intervals for the preheated probe compared to the unheated probe (2.5 min vs. 4 min) for some measurements. However, preheating of the probe resulted in greater variability of the measurement values. Therefore, measurements with a preheated Tewameter probe is not be recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.1997.tb00164.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SLS-irritated human skin shows no correlation between degree of proliferation and TEWL increase (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 290 (1998), S. 615-620 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words Skin barrier function ; Proliferation ; Sodium lauryl sulphate ; Keratinocytes ; Transepidermal ; water loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It is well known that cutaneous irritants influence epidermal proliferation but the pathogenesis is poorly understood. Recent investigations have shown that the skin barrier integrity influences the proliferation of the basal keratinocytes. Our question was whether the proliferating activity of keratinocytes is indeed regulated by the degree of skin barrier damage or by a direct toxic action of the irritant on the keratinocytes. Therefore various degrees of skin irritation were induced by the application of 0.1%, 0.5% and 2% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) solution to the forearm skin of six healthy volunteers. This experiment was performed to evaluate the relationship between SLS concentration and epidermal proliferation. In a second experiment another 14 volunteers were treated with a single SLS concentration (0.5%) to look for interindividual differences in the patterns of skin reaction and susceptibility to the irritant. Skin barrier function was evaluated by measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) before and after irritation. Punch biopsies were taken after 96 h from exposed areas and from unexposed normal skin. Dividing keratinocytes were identified immunocytochemically using three different monoclonal antibodies: PCNA, MIB 1 and KiS1. Exposure to SLS resulted in concentration-dependent increases in both TEWL and epidermal proliferation. However, no significant correlation could be found between the degree of hyperproliferation and the TEWL changes. The results suggest that epidermal proliferation is modulated by a direct interaction of the surfactant with the keratinocytes and/or by release of mediators rather than the consequence of a barrier disturbance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004030050361
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