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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variations in the rates of nitrification and denitrification during the growth of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) in soil with different carbon inputs and the effect of these inputs on soil nitrogen and plant yield (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 157-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Carbon ; Denitrification ; Immobilisation ; Mineralisation ; Nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Maris piper) was grown in a soil to which N was added, as NH4NO3, with or without added C, as sucrose or straw. Shortly after amendment the soil, in all treatments, contained only relatively low levels of mineral N. However, these levels increased later. The increase, which was greatest in the absence of added C and least with added sucrose, occurred before the emergence of the plant canopy. The addition of C to the soil had no effect on plant yield, measured either as dry matter or total N content. The potential nitrification rate was high early in the season, and decreased significantly as the plants developed. The potential denitrification rate showed two significant peaks in activity, possibly related to plant development, the first to the development of new roots and the second to root senescence. It seems probable that the amount of C released by the potato plants was only about one-quarter of that required for the maximum microbial activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336382
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extraction of nitrogen from soils (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 189-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; Ammonium ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen extraction ; Soils ; Nitrogen mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A roller bed and rotary end-over-end shaker were compared for the extraction of mineral N from a variety of soil types; both were equally efficient with an optimum extraction time of 30 min. However, the roller bed permitted a greater operational capacity, a faster throughput of samples, and easier identification of sample bottles compared with the end-over-end shaker. More NH4 +-N and NO3 −-N (P〈0.001) was recovered from soil by 2 M KCl than by any other extractant, in a soil: extractant ratio of 1 to 5 (w:v), except water, which was equally efficient at removing NO3 −-N from soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257765
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineral nitrogen dynamics in poorly drained blanket peat (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 96-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Peat ; Reseed ; Nitrogen mineralization ; Ammonifiers ; Nitrogen immobilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Mineral-N dynamics have been measured over a period of 3 years in PK- and NPK-treated plots (4 m2) laid out on an area of poorly drained, reseeded, blanket peat in the north of Scotland. Mineral-N, present in the peat almost entirely as NH in4 sup+ , accumulated in winter, reaching 42 kg N ha−1 in the surface 10 cm in April before the application of 112.5 kg N ha−1 as NH4NO3 or urea. In situ incubation of peat cores isolated to prevent leaching, and with grass tops removed, confirmed that net mineralization occurred between November and April, with the greatest rate, 1.2 kg N ha−1 day−1, recorded between March and April. During the period May to early June, immobilization of N predominated and rates of net immobilization ranged between 0.2 and 0.8 kg N ha−1 day−1. This coincided with a poor uptake into herbage, less than 16% of soil mineral N and fertilizer NH4NO3 in June of the first 2 years. The largest counts (most probable number) of ammonifying bacteria in the surface 5 cm were recorded in July for aerobes (27.1×109 litre−1) and August for anaerorbes (7.1×109 litre−1). N fertilizer increased these counts significantly (P〈0.05) to 56×109 aerobes and 13×109 anaerobes. During July and August, in 2 out of the 3 years, mineralization predominated over immobilization and mean net rates of up to 0.9 kg N ha−1 were recorded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337342
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of animal manure application and crop plants upon size and activity of soil microbial biomass under organically grown spring barley (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 372-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microbial biomass ; Organic farming ; Soil respiration ; Farmyard manure ; Poultry manure ; Hordeum vulgare ; Barley ; Fumigation extraction ; technique ; Fumigation incubation technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Temporal behaviour of microbial biomass C, N and respiration was measured under barley crops in two experiments on successive years in a recently converted organic production system in Scotland. Soils were fertilised with farmyard manure or poultry manure. Control soils received no manure at the start of the growing season. The effects of plants was also investigated by maintaining fallow subplots. C-flush values approximately doubled over the growing season in both years of the trial, showing a decline to pre-sowing values between the two seasons. This occurred in all soils, whether manured or not, or planted or fallow. Manure tended to increase the C-flush in the 2nd year only. N-flush in the 2nd year showed no increase in planted control plots but did increase in fallow soils. Manures significantly increased the N-flush. Respiration rates were stimulated by the presence of plants. Respiration rates were measured from soils taken from the field at post-sowing, mid-season and post-harvest occasions and incubated under constant conditions for up to 1 year. Here there was evidence that the effects of sampling and adjusting the moisture status could be as great upon microbial activity as the addition of the manures. C-flush also showed a consistent and persistent increase in these incubated soils. This suggests that the fundamental C-supplying characteristics of these soils was such that the biomass was moving towards a new equilibrium value fuelled by the relatively recent introduction of the organic farming regime.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050260
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen mineralization and water-table height in oligotrophic deep peat (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Peat ; Water-table height ; N mineralization ; Ammonifiers ; Nitrate reducers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Peat cores, 0–60 cm depth, were taken on 14 occasions from three experimental plots where the water levels in the surrounding ditches had been artificially controlled for 14 years at 0, 20 and 50 cm below the surface. Numbers of aerobic and anaerobic ammonifying bacteria in the profile were significantly increased (P〈 0.05) by lowering the water level from 0 to 50 cm. These increases occurred mainly in the surface 20 cm horizon, where 80%–90% of the ammonifying bacteria in the profile occurred. Mineral N in fresh samples, which was present almost entirely as ammonium, decreased sharply with depth below 20 cm, and on two occasions concentrations were significantly greater (P〈0.05) in plots with water levels at 20 and 50 cm than in the flooded peat. Readily mineralized N, produced during waterlogged incubation at 30°C for 9 weeks, was significantly greater (P〈0.05) on eight occasions in samples from plots with water levels at 20 or 50 cm than in those where the water level was at the surface. Calculations showed that the increases in N availability as a result of lowering the water-table could be attributed mainly to deeper rooting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257664
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of water amendment on basal and substrate-induced respiration rates of mineral soils (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 242-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil respiration ; Soil water ; Substrate-induced respiration ; CO2 evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We studied the effects of amending soils with different volumes of water or glucose solution on respiration rates measured as CO2 evolution. Basal respiration was not significantly affected by the volume of water amendment, but substrate-induced respiration in static soil solutions was significantly reduced by increasing water contents. Inhibition of substrate-induced respiration was removed by continuously agitating the incubation vessels. Estimates of substrate-induced respiration rates for six soils differed markedly, depending on whether the vessels were stationary or agitated during the incubation. Agitation allowed increased discrimination between substrate-induced respiration rates for the soils, while static incubation only differentiated the soil with the highest substrate-induced respiration rate from the other soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266486
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial population dynamics related to temporal variations in nitrification in three arable fields (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: It seems possible that soil potential nitrification rates (PNRs) are determined by the size and structure of both the eubacterial and nitrifier populations. We have examined this possibility by comparing the structure of the eubacterial community with the subcomponents and dynamics of the ammonium-oxidizer population, within and between three arable fields. PNRs were significantly different between the three fields and also showed significantly different temporal patterns within each field. The use of eubacterial primers in polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (PCR–DGGE) analyses indicated that the bacterial community structure in each field was significantly different from that in the others, and that the bacterial components of these communities changed with time through the season. In contrast, PCR–DGGE analyses specific to ammonium oxidizers suggested that the populations in all three fields were similar in types and did not vary with time. Competitive PCR suggested that there were large and biologically significant differences in the size of the nitrifier population between the three fields, but that within each individual field populations did not change over time. Sequencing identified the ammonium oxidizers in the Nitrosospira spp. cluster. There was also no relation between the size of the nitrifier populations and PNR. Functional expression, as PNR, apparently responded to changes in eubacterial community structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1351-0754.2003.0558.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil microbial biomass and activity under a potato crop fertilised with N with and without C (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1992), S. 265-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Dehydrogenase activity ; Microbial biomass C ; Microbial biomass N ; N fertisisation ; C additions ; Soil respiration ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; Substrate-induced respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A range of soil microbiological parameters were measured at intervals throughout the growing season of a potato crop. Treatments applied to the soil at sowing were zero N fertilisation of N fertilisation at 120 kg N ha−1, either alone or supplemented with straw or sucrose at 1200 kg C ha−1. C and N flushes determined by fumigation-incubation and fumigation-extraction, and substrate-induced respiration, were measured as indicators of microbial biomass. Microbial activity was measured as respiration (CO2 production) and dehydrogenase activity (formazan production). The greatest effects were obtained from the addition of N plus sucrose. Both biomass size and activity were significantly stimulated for up to 25 days after incorporation, with the magnitude of the effects consistently diminishing over time. By 125 days after planting, there was no detectable legacy from any of the treatmentson any of the biomass parameters that were measured, and all values had reverted to those prevalent at planting. There was no consistent effect from adding N, either alone or supplemented with straw, on any of the biomass parameters. There was no evidence for crop-induced stimulation of the biomass. The experiment demonstrates that biomass is only influenced where the quantity, quality, and rate of incorporation of C into the soil is appropriate, in this case, only by adding C as a pulse of sucrose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336042
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of an augmented nitrification assay to elucidate the effects of a spring barley crop and manures on temporal variations in rates (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 378-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrification ; Manures ; Organic farming ; Controlling factors ; Augmented nitrification assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of crop plants and farmyard or poultry manure applications on temporal variations in nitrification rates were measured in a field experiment. In order to elucidate factors which may have been governing such rates, an augmented nitrification assay was applied. The basis of the assay was to measure nitrification rates under circumstances where substrate, i.e. ammonium-ion, and water and spatial constraints had been removed. Nitrification rates showed marked temporal variation, of over one order of magnitude, throughout the growing season. Nitrification rates were also similarly increased when substrate and spatial constraints were removed, but distinct temporal variations still persisted. The pattern of such variations varied according to assay conditions in the augmented nitrification assay. Barley plants had a statistically significant effect on nitrification rates, positive early in the growing season and negative at the end. Manures stimulated nitrification, with poultry manure having a greater effect than farmyard manure, and there was evidence for a relationship between heterotrophic and autotrophic activity. Factors other than ammonium-ion concentration and water or spatial restrictions must also regulate nitrification rates in mineral soils; these could include population size or interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050261
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Freezing as a means of preserving samples in soil respiration studies (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 95-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil respiration ; Substrate-induced respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Freezing was investigated as a means of preserving samples in soil respiration studies. Concentrations of CO2 in the headspaces of incubation bottles before and after freezing, and respiration rates derived from fresh or frozen samples were not significantly different over periods of up to 30 days. Freezing permits many samples to be assayed for respiratory activity at one time, increases the accuracy of the incubation period and defers the need to analyse headspace concentrations of CO2 until it is convenient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260523
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