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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Menopause and Heart Disease (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 592 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb30329.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Who Is Susceptible to Cancers of the Breast, Colon, and Prostate? (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 768 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb12104.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Validity of a Self-reported Periodontal Disease Measure (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of public health dentistry 56 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-7325
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of a self-reported periodontal disease measure for use in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Methods: Participating dentists responded to the question “Have you had periodontal disease with bone loss?” Radiographs obtained from 140 participants were evaluated for bone loss at 32 posterior sites and used as the standard. A site was positive if it had bone loss 〉2 mm and/or complete loss of crestal lamina dura. To avoid falsely classifying participants as positive, three blinded examiners independently evaluated each participant's radiographs. An a priori decision rule was used to classify a participant positive if all examiners independently assessed the same two or more sites positive. Results: The validity of the self-reported measure was good among dentists, with positive and negative predictive values of 0.76 and 0.74, respectively. Among nondentists, the self-reported measure showed discriminatory power by confirming associations with known risk factors such as age and smoking. Conclusion: Dentists have a good perception of their periodontal status, and there is reasonable consensus among dentists regarding the threshold for defining periodontal disease. Self-reported measures might have potential for use in studies of other populations with substantial cost reduction, and deserve further evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.1996.tb02437.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Merging and emerging cohorts: Not worth the wait (2007)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 445 (2007), S. 257-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the second, Francis S. Collins and Teri A. Manolio explain their support for a new national cohort. In 2006, the United Kingdom initiated a national long-term health study of 500,000 middle-aged adults that will involve collecting DNA and other biological specimens. Further cohorts are ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/445257a
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Association Between Tooth Loss and Coronary Heart Disease in Men and Women (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of public health dentistry 64 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-7325
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objectives: This paper evaluates the relation of tooth loss to incidence of coronary heart disease in two large cohort studies. Methods: Participants included 41,407 men and 58,974 women free of any cardiovascular diseases at baseline. We recorded 1,654 incident coronary heart disease events (562 fatal events) among men during 12 years of follow-up and 544 events (158 fatal events) among women during 6 years of follow-up. Results: After controlling for important cardiovascular risk factors, compared to men with 25–32 teeth at baseline, men with 0–10 teeth had a significantly higher risk of coronary heart disease (relative risk [RR]/1.36; 95 percent confidence interval [CI]/1.11, 1.67). The relative risk increased to 1.79 (95% CI/1.34, 2.40) when limited to fatal events. Women with 0–10 teeth were also at increased risk of coronary heart disease compared to women with 25–32 teeth (RR/1.64; 95% CI/1.31, 2.05). The association was similar for fatal events (RR/1.65; 95% CI=1.11, 2.46). The association between number of teeth and incidence of coronary heart disease was similar between men with and without a history of periodontal disease, and there was no significant association between tooth loss during follow-up and coronary heart disease. Conclusions: This study showed a significant association between number of teeth at baseline and risk of coronary heart disease and the mechanisms to explain this association should be further clarified. [J Public Health Dent 2004;64(4):209–15]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.2004.tb02755.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Relationship Between Amalgam Restorations and Mercury Levels in Male Dentists and Nondental Health Professionals (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of public health dentistry 63 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-7325
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objectives: The objectives of this study were: (1) to compare the mercury levels in general dentists with the mercury levels in other health professionals using toenail clippings as a biomarker, (2) to identify risk factors associated with high mercury levels, and (3) to compare practice characteristics of dentists with high and low mercury levels. Methods: A sample of 579 men was randomly selected from the 33,737 men participating in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study who had provided toenail samples in 1987. A questionnaire was sent to these male subjects in 1991 to obtain information on fish consumption, tooth-brushing frequency, number of teeth, number of amalgam restorations, general practice or specialty status, number of amalgam restorations placed and removed per week, mercury storage and handling procedures, and mercury spillage incidents. A measure of long-term mercury exposure was obtained from toenail samples using neutron activation analysis for the 410 respondents (71% response rate). The 90th percentile mercury level in toenails (0.88 ppm) was selected as the threshold for elevated toenail mercury level. Results: No relationship was found between the number of dental amalgams and toenail mercury levels among general dentists, dental specialists, and nondental health professionals. General dentists were found to have more than twice the level of mercury in toenails than nondental health professionals (mean level=0.94 vs 0.45) and 60 percent higher than dental specialists (mean=0.59). The combined use of disposable capsules and water storage of scrap amalgam appeared to reduce the risk of elevated mercury levels. Regardless of professional status, consumption of tuna and saltwater fish were the primary exposure factors that were positively associated with toenail mercury levels. Conclusions: As shown by the associations with dental profession and fish consumption, the mercury content of toenails is a stable biomarker of cumulative long-term mercury exposure. The lack of association between nail mercury levels and number of amalgam restorations suggests that avoidance of mercury amalgam restorative materials cannot be justified by the presence of mercury released from dental amalgams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.2003.tb03474.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bowel movement, use of laxatives and risk of colorectal adenomatous polyps among women (United States) (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 907-914 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: bowel movement ; distal colorectal adenomas ; laxative use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Infrequent bowel movements and use of laxatives have been hypothesized to increase risk of colorectal neoplasia. However, the few existing epidemiologic studies in humans have been inconclusive. Purpose: To investigate prospectively the associations of bowel movement frequency and laxative use with the occurrence of adenomatous colorectal polyps in women. Methods: A total of 17,400 women 36–61 years of age, without previous diagnosis of cancer or polyps, responded to a mailed questionnaire in 1982 that assessed bowel movement frequency and use of laxatives and had an endoscopy between 1984 and 1996. Between 1984 and 1996, 906 cases of adenomatous polyps (496 classified as small (〈1 cm), 358 classified as large (≥1 cm) and 52 unclassified) were documented. Relative risks (RRs) of adenomas and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic regression. Results: After controlling for adenoma risk factors, the multivariate RRs associated with having bowel movements every third day or less compared to once daily were 0.9 (95% CI: 0.7–1.2) for total colorectal adenomas, 1.0 (95% CI: 0.7–1.5) for large adenomas and 1.0 (95% CI: 0.7–1.3) for adenomas of the colon only. The multivariate RRs associated with weekly to daily laxative use compared to never use were 0.9 (95% CI: 0.7–1.1) for total colorectal adenomatous polyps, 1.0 (95% CI: 0.7–1.5) for large adenomas and 0.8 (95% CI: 0.6–1.2) for colon adenomatous polyps only. Conclusion: These findings do not support an association between infrequent bowel movement or laxative use and risk of colorectal adenomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026559624330
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carotenoids, retinol, and vitamin E and risk of proliferative benign breast disease and breast cancer (1992)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 3 (1992), S. 503-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: α-carotene ; α-tocopherol ; benign breast disease ; β-carotene ; breast cancer ; dietary intake ; γ-tocopherol ; lycopene ; serum ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We investigated the relationship between serum levels of retinol, β-carotene, α-carotene, lycopene, α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol as well as intakes of retinol, carotene, and vitamin E and the risks of breast cancer and proliferative benign breast disease (BBD) in a case-control study of postmenopausal women in the Boston, MA (United States) area. Serum nutrient data were available for 377 women with newly diagnosed stage I or II breast cancer and 173 women with proliferative BBD. Controls were 403 women who were evaluated at the same institutions but did not require a breast biopsy or whose biopsy revealed nonproliferative BBD. We observed no significant associations between serum levels of these micronutrients and risk of proliferative BBD or breast cancer. The risk of breast cancer was decreased among women in the highest quintile of intake of vitamin E from food sources only (odds ratio [OR] for the highest quintile = 0.4,95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.2–0.9; P, trend across quintiles = 0.02) but less so for total vitamin E intake including supplements (OR=0.7, CI=0.4–1.3; P, trend = 0.07).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052746
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strenuous physical activity in young adulthood and risk of breast cancer (United States) (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 347-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; females ; physical activity ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The epidemiologic data on the relation between strenuous physical activity and breast cancer are limited and inconsistent. Because risk of breast cancer may be influenced by ovarian function which, in turn, is modulated by physical activity, the hypothesis that exercise may be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer merits further investigation. We, therefore, conducted a large case-control study in 1988–91, and interviewed 6,888 women (17 to 74 years of age) with breast cancer in Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin (United States). Interviewed controls (9,539 women, 18 to 74 years of age) were selected randomly from lists of licensed drivers (for younger women) or from a roster of Medicare enrollees (for older women). We used multivariate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) from logistic regression models to estimate relative risks between self-reported physical activity when 14 to 22 years of age and breast cancer. When compared with sedentary controls, women who reported any strenuous physical activity during ages 14 to 22 years had a modest reduction in the risk of breast cancer (OR=0.95, CI=0.93–0.97). However, those who exercised vigorously at least once a day had a 50 percent reduction in risk of breast cancer (OR=0.5, CI=0.4–0.7). These data support the hypothesis that women who are physically active have a reduced risk of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051410
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A genome-wide association study identifies alleles in FGFR2 associated with risk of sporadic postmenopausal breast cancer (2007)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 39 (2007), S. 870-874 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of breast cancer by genotyping 528,173 SNPs in 1,145 postmenopausal women of European ancestry with invasive breast cancer and 1,142 controls. We identified four SNPs in intron 2 of FGFR2 (which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase and is amplified ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng2075
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