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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 381-394 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die von Johnston [15] und Willmott [30] vorgeschlagenen Methoden zur Berechnung des Gebietsniederschlages werden besprochen und miteinander verglichen. Eine Anwendung der Informationstheorie oder Entropiemethode, von Johnston [15] vorgeschlagen, besitzt nur beschränkte Möglichkeiten, hauptsächlich wegen der Unfähigkeit, 1. die im Jahresgang enthaltenen Periodizitäten zu beschreiben und 2. die Unterschiede zwischen den zeitlichen Reihen des Niederschlages und deren Mittelwerten zu erklären. Die Entropiemethode hat jedoch praktische Vorzüge, da die räumliche Verteilung der Stationen nur einen relativ geringen, ungünstigen Einfluss auf die Gebietswerte hat [15]. Die auf den Hauptkomponenten beruhenden Berechnungen von Willmott [30] beinhalten andererseits mehr Information über den Niederschlag in der Beurteilung der gebietsmässigen Verteilung, z.B. der Stationsmittelwerte, und ist gut in der Lage, Periodizitäten in der Varianz zu charakterisieren. Bei entsprechender Anwendung der Methoden ist eine Kombination von Hauptkomponentenanalyse und Gruppierungen der Entropiemethode bei der Charakterisierung von Niederschlagsregimen und -regionen überlegen.
    Notes: Summary Precipitation regionalization techniques alternatively advocated by Johnston [15] and Willmott [30] are reviewed and compared. An implementation by Johnston [15] of the information theory or entropy method was determined to have limited applicability —principally owing to its inability (1) to describe periodicies that are inherent in the seasonal cycle and (2) to account for differences between time-series of precipitation with respect to their means. The entropy method, however, has a practical appeal because the spatial distribution of stations has a relatively minor, deleterious impact on the regionalization [15]. On the other hand, the principal components-based procedure described by Willmott [30] includes more information about precipitation in the evaluation of regional patterns, e.g., station means, and it is well-able to characterize periodicities in the variance. With the appropriate experimental design, the combination of principal components analysis and grouping is regarded as superior to the entropy method in identifying and characterizing precipitation regimes and regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 41 (1990), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using terrestrial observations of shelter-height air temperature and shipboard measurements, a global climatology of mean monthly surface air temperature has been compiled. Data were obtained from ten sources, screened for coding errors, and redundant station records were removed. The combined data base consists of 17 986 independent terrestrial station records and 6 955 oceanic grid-point records. These data were then interpolated to a 0.5° of latitude by 0.5° of longitude lattice using a spherically-based interpolation algorithm. Spatial distributions of the annual mean and intra-annual variance are presented along with a harmonic decomposition of the intra-annual variance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 58 (1997), S. 175-188 
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Land-surface heterogeneity affects surface energy fluxes. The magnitudes of selected land-surface influences are quantified by comparing observations with model simulations of the FIFE (First ISLSCP Field Experiment) domain. Several plausible heterogeneous and homogeneous initial and boundary conditions are examined, although soilmoisture variability is emphasized. It turns out that simple spatial averages of surface variation produced biased flux values. Simulated maximum latent-heat fluxes were approximately 30 to 40 W m−2 higher, and air temperatures ≃ 0.4 °C lower (at noon), when computations were initialized with spatially averaged soil-moisture and leaf-area-index fields. The planetary boundary layer (PBL) height and turbulent exchanges were lower as well. It additionally was observed that (largely due to the nonlinear relationship between initial soil-moisture availability and the evapotranspiration rate), “real” latent-heat flux can be substantially less than simulated latent-heat flux using models initialized with spatially averaged soil-moisture fields. Differences between “real” and simulated fluxes also vary with the resolution at which “real” soil-moisture heterogeneity is discretized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 26 (1978), S. 277-295 
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Drei Niederschlagsregionen in Kalifornien werden identifiziert und näher beschrieben. Vier voneinander unabhängige Quellen der Niederschlagsvariabilität wurden durch eine Hauptkomponentenanalyse der Kovarianzmatrize aufgedeckt und zusammen mit den als fünfte Dimension fungierenden Stationsmittelwerten an Hand von Ward's [14] Algorithmus ausgewertet, um die regionalen Verhältnisse abzuleiten. Eine Diskussion der gegenwärtigen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten dieser Methode ist beigefügt. Diese Methode scheint erfolgreicher zu sein, als die von Willmott [16] und anderen früher beschriebenen. Die Eingangsdaten bestanden aus 120 monatlichen Niederschlagssummen aus den Jahren 1961–1970 von 90 willkürlich gewählten kalifornischen Stationen.
    Notes: Summary Three precipitation regions in California are identified, mapped and otherwise described. Four independent sources of precipitation variation were discovered by a P-mode principal components analysis of a covariance matrix and they, plus a fifth dimension of station means, were evaluated by Ward's [14] algorithm in order to arrive at the regionalization. A discussion of the present application of this methodology is also included as it is thought to be a more appropriate procedure than those described by Willmott [16] and others. Data for the study were 120 monthly precipitation totals observed from 1961–1970 at each of 90 randomly chosen stations within California.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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