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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 156 (1997), S. 282-287 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Vaccination  ;  Haemophilus influenzae b vaccines  ;  Vaccine efficacy  ;  Compliance with vaccination schedules  ;  Case control study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In Germany the annual number of systemic Haemophilus influenzae cases in unvaccinated children aged 3–60 months has recently been exceeded by the number of cases in children vaccinated at least once with the PRP-D, HbOC or OMP vaccines, which until 1995 have almost exclusively been used for H. influenzae b (Hib) vaccination. Most of the vaccinated children however could already have had more vaccinations at onset of disease. How much does an age-related suboptimal vaccination status increase the risk for systemic H. influenzae infections? A case control study was performed in West Germany. Cases with systemic H. influenzae infections were ascertained between 7/92 and 8/94 with an ongoing active hospital surveillance programme. Six age-matched population controls per case were recruited at random. Only vaccinated cases and controls were included in the study. The main exposure analysed in this study was suboptimal vaccination at censoring; for censoring ages (age at disease onset in cases and corresponding age in matched controls) 〉 6 months: one vaccination in 1st year only; 〉 18 months: two (three for combined vaccines with Hib + DT or DPT in one syringe) vaccinations in the 1st year of life but no booster vaccination. Suboptimal vaccination for age increased the risk for systemic H. influenzae infections by a factor of 4.74 (95%-CI 2.17–10.34). Following adjustment for confounders the odds ratio was 4.39 (95%-CI 1.74–11.07). Subgroup analyses showed that this risk was not related to the type of vaccine used. The risk for “no booster vaccination” in children aged 〉 18 months appeared even greater than the risk associated with one vaccination in the 1st year only. Conclusions On schedule and complete Hib vaccin- ations are essential for an optimal effectiveness of Hib vaccination programmes. Booster vaccinatons between 12 and 18 months are important if the PRP-D, HbOC and OMP vaccines are used for primary vaccination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 145 (1997), S. 136-143 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Meningitisbehandlung ; Systemische Haemophilus-influenzae-Erkrankungen ; Epidemiologie ; Hib-Impfung ; Hib-Vakzin ; Key words Meningitis treatment ; Systemic Haemophilus influenzae infections ; Epidemiology ; Hib vaccination ; Hib vaccines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Methods: Cases of invasive HI-infections were reported in a national active surveillance program. The case definition required the typical clinical picture and a HI positive culture from a physiologically sterile site (or throat swab or tracheal aspirate in case of epiglottitis or pneumonia) in children up to 10 years. All initial reports were validated with a questionnaire that additionally questioned the vaccination status, type of vaccine, therapy, outcome of the disease and characteristics of the bacteria. The relation between the type of Hib vaccine used on the risk of infection was analysed in a case control study with controls selected at random from a population based sampling frame. Results: 310 confirmed cases of invasive HI infections were reported during the observation period, 199 of these with meningitis, 56 with epiglottitis. The number of cases declined from 71 in the last six months of 1992, 120 in 1993, and 65 in 1994 to 54 cases in 1995. In 1995 the incidence in up to 5 year old children was 1.1/100 000 for all infection sites and 0.7/100 000 for meningitis. The reduced rates were mainly due to a decrease in the number of unvaccinated cases, whereas the number of cases in vaccinated children fluctuated between 22 and 36 per year. Most of these were observed in incompletely vaccinated children, who according to the German recommendations could already have received at least one further vaccination at the time of the infection. The type of vaccine (HbOC, PRP-D or OMP) was not significantly associated with the risk of infection in vaccinated children. 10 % of the bacteria produced betalactamase. In accordance with the German recommendations third generation cephalosporines were used in almost all cases of meningitis. One third of these, however, received additional antibiotics. Conclusions: The present incidence of systemic HI infections in Germany is low. A further decrease, however, would be possible with “on time” completion of the vaccination schedule according to the German recommendations in all children.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellungen: Wie häufig waren nach Einführung der Hib-Impfung systemische Haemophilus-influenzae(HI)-Erkrankungen in Deutschland? Wie war der Hib-Impfstatus der betroffenen Kinder? Welche Risikofaktoren lagen systemischen HI-Erkrankungen bei geimpften Kindern zugrunde? Wie häufig sind β -Laktamase-Bildner bei systemischen HI-Erkrankungen im Kindesalter? Was sind die derzeitigen Standards bei der Behandlung der HI-Meningitis in Deutschland? Methode: Monatlich wurden im Rahmen der ESPED-Erhebung in allen Kinderkliniken Fälle von systemischen HI-Erkrankungen bei Kindern vor dem 10. Geburtstag erfragt. Die Meldungen wurden anhand von Fragebögen validiert und bezüglich der Umstände der Erkrankung charakterisiert. Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Einsatz unterschiedlicher Hib-Impfstoffe und dem Erkrankungsrisiko für Hib-geimpfte Kinder wurde in einer Fallkontrollstudie überprüft. Ergebnisse: Von 310 dokumentierten Fällen waren 199 an einer Meningitis und 56 an einer Epiglottitis erkrankt. Die absolute Fallzahl nahm von 71 in der 2. Jahreshälfte 1992 über 120 in 1993, 65 in 1994 und 54 in 1995 kontinuierlich ab, insbesondere Fälle bei nichtgeimpften Kindern. Die Rate der Erkrankungen betrug 1995 1,1 (alle HI-Erkrankungen) bzw. 0,7 (Meningitiden) pro 100 000 Kinder. Pro Jahr wurden zwischen 22 und 36 Erkrankungen bei mindestens 1 mal geimpften Kindern beobachtet. Die meisten dieser Kinder hätten zum Erkrankungszeitpunkt bereits vollständiger geimpft sein können. Der Typ des verwendeten Vakzins (HbOC, PRP-D oder OMP) hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf das Erkrankungsrisiko bei Hib-geimpften Kindern. Bei 10 % der Erkrankungen wurden β -Laktamase-bildende HI-Stämme gefunden. Bei der Initialbehandlung der HI-Meningitis wurden bis auf 2 Fälle immer Zephalosporine der 3. Generation eingesetzt – bei 1/3 der Fälle kombiniert mit anderen Antibiotika. Schlußfolgerung: Die Inzidenz systemischer HI-Erkrankungen, insbesondere der Meningitis, ist derzeit niedrig. Eine weitere Abnahme wäre durch frühzeitige Impfungen entsprechend den Stiko-Empfehlungen möglich.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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