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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 15 (1972), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Saccadic eye movement ; Vestibular nerve ; Efferent fibres ; Saccadic modulation ; Tonic modulation ; Goldfish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Deutsche Zusammenfassung Bei Goldfischen wurden Einzelfaserimpulse im N. vestibularis registriert die vom rostralen linken Vestibularisnerven, vom isolierten linken Ramus ampullaris lateralis und vom proximalen Stumpf des durchgetrennten Nerven abgeleitet wurden. Von insgesamt 420 registrierten Vestibularis-Axonen zeigten 44 charakteristische Modulation der Spontanaktivität vor und bei raschen Augenbewegungen (Saccaden und rasche Phasen des periodischen Spontannystagmus). Die durch Augenbewegungen modulierten Neurone ließen sich in 4 Typen einteilen: 1. Der bidirektional aktivierte Typ a wurde jeweils mit der raschen Phase sowohl bei Links-, als auch bei Rechtsnystagmus aktiviert. 2. Der bidirektional gehemmte Typ i wurde bei raschen Nystagmusphasen in beiden Richtungen gehemmt. 3. Richtungsspezifische Neurone des Typ d, wurden bei raschen Phasen des Linksnystagmus gehemmt und bei Rechtsnystagmus aktiviert. 4. Stellungskorrelierte Neurone vom Typ p, deren Entladungsverhalten mit der Burbusstellung korreliert war. Bei Bulbusdeviation ipsilateral zur Elektrode waren sie tonisch aktiviert und bei Bulbusstellung kontralateral zur Elektrode gehemmt. Aktivierung und Hemmung begannen bei den Neuronentypen a, i und d stets vor der Sakkade. Es fanden sich Mischtypen zwischen den Neuronen a und p. Die Typen a, i und p fanden sich sowohl im intakten Nerven als auch im proximalen Stumpf des durchtrennten Nerven. Die seltenen richtungsspezifischen d-Neurone waren nur in intakten Nerven nachweisbar. Bei Neuronen aus den Makulaorganen (Utriculus, Sacculus und Lagena) ließ sich keine Beziehung zu Augenbewegungen beobachten. Zur Erklärung der Befunde werden Efferenzkollateralen von den supranucleären optomotorischen Zentren der Mittelhirn- und Brückenhaube angenommen, die in den Vestibularis projizieren. Die physiologische Bedeutung wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Impulses of single fibres of the vestibular nerve in the goldfish were recorded either from the rostral portion of the left vestibular nerve, or from the left Ramus ampullaris lateralis, or from the proximal stump of the severed nerve. From a total of 420 registered neurons, 44 showed characteristic modulations of the spontaneous activity associated with any rapid eye movement. These neurons were divided into four types: 1. The bidirectionally activated type a was activated with fast phases of nystagmus both to the left and to the right. 2. The bidirectionally inhibited type i was inhibited with fast phases of nystagmus in both directions. 3. The directionally sensitive type d was inhibited during the rapid phase of nystagmus when its direction was ipsilateral and activated when its direction was contralateral to the side of the recording electrode. 4. The position sensitive type p was correlated with the position of the eyes. With deviation of the eye ipsilateral those neurons were tonically activated and with deviation of the eye contralateral to the side of the electrode, their activity was tonically reduced. Activation and inhibition in the type a, i, and d neurons always began before the saccade. In the type p neuron tonic frequency modulation dependent on eye position began up to 100 msec after a position change. Some neurons showed the characteristic behaviour of both type a and p neurons. These, as well as the pure type a, p and i neurons, were found in the intact nerve as well as in the proximal stump of the severed nerve. The rarer type d neurons were found only in the intact nerve. Neurons originating in the macula organs (Utriculus, Sacculus and Lagena) did not show frequency modulation with eye movements. Efferent modulations originating from supranuclear optomotor centers of the mesencephalic and pontine reticular formation were discussed in relation to their functional significance during combined eye and body movements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
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    Unknown
    Urbana, etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    American Journal of Psychology. 76:4 (1963:Dec.) 537 
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 93 (1993), S. 345-351 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual motion perception ; Cortical motion ; area ; Dipole source analysis ; Evoked potentials ; Akinetopsia ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The retinal periphery of nine healthy subjects was stimulated with computer-generated random-dot kinematograms. These stimuli provided almost isolated visual motion information and minimal position cues. Pattern-reversal stimuli at the same location in the visual field were used for control. Stimulus-related electrical brain activity was recorded from 29 scalp electrodes. Total mean and individual data were analyzed with a spatiotemporal multiple dipole model. The scalp potentials showed a different spatial distribution for motion and pattern stimulation in the time range of 160–200 ms. In this epoch, the predominant motion-related source activity was localized in the region of the contralateral occipital-temporal-parietal border. A significant ipsilateral source activity was not found. The predominant source activity related to the pattern stimulus occurred in the same epoch. The corresponding equivalent dipole was localized more medially and deeper in the brain. The orientation of these major dipole activities was markedly different. These dipoles appeared to represent activity of distinct extrastriate areas, in contrast to earlier activity which was modelled by more posterior dipoles in the occipital lobe. The latter dipoles were at comparable contralateral locations and had similar peak activities around 100 ms, suggesting an origin in the striate cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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