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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanisms and performance of hydrotalcite acid neutralizers in thermoplastics (1995)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 201-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mechanism of color development during processing of polyolefin formulations containing phenolic antioxidant/hydrotalcite acid neutralizers was investigated in the absence and presence of polymer with residual acidity. IR spectroscopy was used to follow antioxidant/hydrotalcite interactions and thermal analysis to evaluate differences between commercial hydrotalcites from two different sources. Performance characteristics in terms of yellowness index and melt flow were evaluated by multiple extrusion of fully formulated PP and HDPE resins.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010318
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Value-added blends and composites from recycled plastic fishing gear (1995)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 195-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Among the various marine plastic debris, abandoned or lost fishing gear is a major pollutant, adversely affecting marine life and disturbing the ecological equilibrium. In an attempt to find a technological solution to recycling of the plastic fishing gear, two routes are evaluated. The first is melt reprocessing. Here, compatibilized blends and composites are prepared using various polymers - HDPE, nylon 6 (N6), nylon 66 (N66), etc. - obtained from melt reprocessing of fishnets. This approach involves cleaning, size reduction, melt extrusion and filtering, modification, and injection molding. Mechanical properties of blends and composites thus made are compared with commercial materials. The second approach uses these nets as organic fibrous reinforcements in polymeric matrices. N6 and N66 fibers obtained from fishnets are compounded with a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix at temperatures below the melting point of nylons. Good adhesion between the fibers and the matrix is obtained because of the interaction between nylons and TPU. Addition of nylon fibers to the TPU matrix result in improved stiffness. Shore hardness, abrasion resistance, etc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010317
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoplastic composites from maleic anhydride modified post-consumer plastics (1995)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 204-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In attempts to identify potential applications for refined commingled postconsumer plastics, a feedstock containing about 80% polyethylene (PE) and lesser amounts of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was modified through functionalization with maleic anhydride in a co-rotating intermeshing twin-screw extruder. The modified and unmodified blends were compounded with various fillers and reinforcements such as glass fibers, mica flakes, talc, and calcium carbonate. Injection molded composites based on the modified matrix had, in general, superior mechanical and thermal properties. These findings are discussed in view of the improved adhesion resulting from reactions and/or enhanced polar interactions at phase boundaries. Several compounds prepared in this work had overall property data comparable to, or approaching those, of equivalent commercial HDPE molding compounds that are commonly used in “durable” applications.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750160304
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interfacial agents for multiphase polymer systems: Recent advances (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1392-1400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rapid growth in the use of multiphase polymer systems (blends and composites) is undoubtedly related to the availability of methods of controlling the physical and chemical interactions at the interface. Compounds acting as interfacial agents are commonly known as “compatibilizers” in blends, or “coupling agents” in composites; their function is to promote adhesion and enhance overall properties. This paper is a review of recent advances in the use of these compounds in immiscible polymer blends and thermoplastic composites. Polymeric compatibilizers are classified according to their method of addition (in situformation vs. separate addition) and reactivity. Reactive low molecular weight compounds are also listed and their various coupling mechanisms are discussed. It is demonstrated that common routes to enhanced adhesion exist for some types of blends and composites. For example, reactive graft copolymers and certain crosslinklng agents are equally effective as adhesion promoters in blends and composites containing a polyolefin phase.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760282108
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic studies and process analysis of the reactive compatibilization of nylon 6/polypropylene blends (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 1720-1730 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes a study on the reactive compatibilization of nylon 6 (N6) and polypropylene (PP) blends through a functionalized PP. A graft copolymer was formed in-situ by reacting an acid modified PP with N6 during blend compounding. The compatibilization reactions are studied in detail. Kinetics were estimated by means of experiments in a batch mixer. Three time constants were estimated, corresponding to (a) reactions, (b) melting of polymers, and (c) melt mixing. The effects of temperature and rotor speed on the reaction kinetics were also measured. There was a substantial increase in initial reaction rate, as the rotor speed was increased. Increasing the temperature did not significantly affect the reaction rate. Process parameters important for such a reactive compatibilization process were identified by statistically designed experiments in a co-roatating intermeshing twin-screw extruder. Screw speed, presence of venting, and sequence of feeding were shown to have a noticeable effect on the reactive compatibilization process during continuous compounding.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760342303
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LDPE/PP blends modified by peroxide and radiation induced reactions (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 52 (1994), S. 99-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: LDPE/PP polyblends, modified through either peroxide initiated reactions or irradiation, were characterized in terms of rheological and mechanical properties and microstructure. In the presence of peroxide, or through irradiation LDPE crosslinks, PP degrades. Data were obtained at two peroxide concentration levels (0.1 and 1% by weight) and two radiation doses (30 and 100 kGy). The results show that in peroxide modification, the degradation of PP prevails over the crosslinking of LDPE. However, the effect of irradiation of LDPE (crosslinking) is predominant over that of PP (degradation). The irradiation process tends to yield improved mechanical properties vs. peroxide modification for the PP-rich blends. In addition, the melt viscosity and elasticity of the irradiated PP-rich blends are higher than those of the peroxide-reacted blends at a given level of PP content and frequencies between 10 and 100 rad/s. Attempts were made to relate the shape of the rheological curves and the mechanical properties of the blends to the observed changes in their microstructure. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070520112
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of flake aspect ratio on the flexural properties of mica reinforced plastics (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 139-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two naturally occurring micas, phlogopite and muscovite, were ground and classified according to their average aspect ratios (flake equivalent diameter to thickness ratio). These flakes were then used to reinforce a polystyrene copolymer and a polyester resin. The compression molded test pieces were tested in flexure and the flexural strengths and flexural moduli determined for each aspect ratio. The experimental results indicate a strong dependence of strength and modulus on the flake aspect ratio up to a value of 100-200 for these systems. At high volume fractions, 0.6 to 0.7, high aspect ratio mica composites yielded flexural strengths of 35-45,000 psi with flexural moduli of 10-14 million psi. Notched Izod values were in the range of 0.5-1.4 ft lb per inch of notch. These results were compared with the theoretical treatments of Padawer and Beecher, and Riley.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130210
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peroxide modification of a multicomponent polymer blend with potential applications in recyclingBased on a presentation at the 51st Annual Technical Conference of the Society of Plastics Engineers, May 1993, New Orleans, LA. (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 54 (1994), S. 569-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mixture of seven immiscible “virgin” plastics, namely low and high density polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), crystal and high impact polystyrene (PS and HIPS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), in proportions representative of those currently found in post-consumer plastics containers, was compounded in a corotating twin-screw extruder. The mechanical properties of the blend were improved through the addition of relatively high concentrations of a dialkyl peroxide which was also found to drastically affect the blend morphology. The results are interpreted in terms of improved dispersive mixing favored by the similarity in the rheological behavior of the modified blend components, improved physical properties of certain blend components upon peroxide modification, and, possibly, enhanced intefacial adhesion. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070540507
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact modification of aromatic/aliphatic polyamide blends: Effects of composition and processing conditions (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 62 (1996), S. 1167-1177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of aromatic/aliphatic polyamides of varying compositions were extrusion compounded with an impact modifying reactive elastomer and injection molded. The effect of two different twin-screw blending configurations on the physical and mechanical properties of the blends was evaluated. Effects of processing conditions on blend morphology were also examined. The experimental results indicate that the extrusion sequence affects the extent of polyamide matrix-elastomer reaction as well as the morphology. The relationship between blend morphology, blend components structure and reactivity, and processing conditions with ultimate properties is discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polypropylene/polyethylene terephthalate blends compatibilized through functionalization (1990)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 355-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In attempts to improve the compatibility of polypropylene with polyethylene terephthalate, an acrylic acid functionalized polypropylene was evaluated as the blend component in polyblends containing 40 percent by weight polyethylene terephthalate and compared with an unmodified polypropylene. The preliminary experiments in a batch laboratory mixer were followed by compounding in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Additives such as magnesium acetate and p-toluenesulfonic acid were evaluated as catalysts for potential interchange or esterification reactions that could occur in the melt. The blends were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and for mechanical properties. The results show that the functionalized polypropylene promotes a fine dispersed phase morphology, improves processability and mechanical properties, and modifies the crystallization behavior of the polyester component. These effects are attributed to enhanced phase interactions resulting in reduced interfacial tension (calculated as a 4-fold decrease). The presence of the additives does not, in general, improve any further the blend morphology and properties, or its processability.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760300607
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