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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron paramagnetic resonance study of the solid solutions Ru(S1−xSex)2 (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 68 (1990), S. 1796-1799 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The method of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) has been used to study the n-type semiconducting Ru(S1−xSex)2 single crystals grown by the method of chemical vapor transport. A chalcogen point defect model is established to account for the S=1/2 paramagnetic species detected by EPR. This model assumes that an X2−(X=S or Se)-X vacancy pair behaves like an electron donor. The g-factor anisotropy is dependent upon the degree of chalcogen deficiency which is interpreted as due to the formation of a narrow band by the magnetic electrons of the chalcogen defect below the bottom of the conduction band.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.346612
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron-paramagnetic-resonance study of the Cr3+ and Ni2+ ions and the (SCl)2− defect in FeS2 (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 370-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An electron-paramagnetic-resonance study of the iron pyrite crystals grown by the method of chemical-vapor transport is reported. Cr3+ and Ni2+ ions were detected as substitutional impurities. An effective spin S =1/2 defect species that exhibits hyperfine couplings to the two natural isotopes of chlorine was detected in sulfur-deficient FeS2 grown by using ICl3 as a transport agent. This species can be identified as the defect species (SCl)2−. The similarity and differences exhibited by this defect species in the sulfur-deficient Fe pyrite and the chalcogen-deficient Ru pyrites are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350718
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical-absorption study of synthetic pyrite FeS2 single crystals (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 1710-1714 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The optical-absorption study of synthetic pyrite FeS2 single crystals prepared by the chemical-vapor-transport method is reported over a temperature range from 4.2 to 300 K. At lower temperatures several features which occur below the absorption edge are superposed on the absorption curve. The origin of the sharpest peak is identified as the transition between the top of valence band and Cr3+ trapping center through comparison of the results with that of the low-temperature photoconductivity and the photoelectron paramagnetic resonance measurements. The nature of other weaker features is discussed. The existence of these features prevents the determination of the band gap of FeS2 by fitting the optical-absorption data to the form of (αhν)∝(hν−E0)n. Therefore, the energy gap of FeS2 at low temperatures is estimated by adding the thermal ionization energy of the shallow acceptor states to the photoionization energy between the (SCl)2− states and the bottom of the conduction band. The band gap of various temperatures is determined and its temperature dependence is analyzed by an empirical expression proposed by O'Donnell and Chen [Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 2924 (1991)]. The parameters that describe the temperature dependence of Eg of the material are evaluated and discussed. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358863
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photo-electron paramagnetic resonance investigation of the Cr3+ impurity and the (SCl)2− defect in synthetic FeS2 crystals (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 5282-5285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The method of photo-electron paramagnetic resonance has been used to investigate the photosensitivities of the Cr3+, Ni2+, and (SCl)2− impurities and defects detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in synthetic FeS2 crystals grown by the method of chemical vapor transport by using ICl3 as the transport agent. Cr3+ and (SCl)2− are photosensitive, but Ni2+ is not, to IR illumination with photon energy less than the band-gap energy. A decrease (photoquenching) in the EPR signal of Cr3+ and an increase (photoinduction) in the EPR signal of (SCl)2− were detected at low temperatures. At T(approximately-equal-to)110 K, the spectral response of the photoquenching of Cr3+ is the largest near λ=1425 nm−1 (0.87 eV), which can be correlated with the 0.90 eV photoconductivity peak and the 0.87 eV IR absorption peak observed at low temperatures in the same batches of crystals. After several cycles of on–off IR illumination, the equilibrium population of Cr3+ is less than that of the virgin state, indicating the presence of hole traps. The transient and equilibrium behaviors of the (SCl)2− defects are just the opposite, which indicates that a S2− defect behaves as a hole trap. A band model has been established to explain the observed photoquenching of Cr3+, the photoconductivity peak, and the IR absorption peak.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355728
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron paramagnetic resonance of an intrinsic defect in RuS2 single crystals (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 65 (1989), S. 4230-4233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A paramagnetic species of spin 1/2, with the four 〈111〉 axes of the cubic lattice as the symmetry axes, has been observed by electron paramagnetic resonance in undoped, as-grown RuS2 single crystals. The g values at 10.8 K are g(parallel) =2.022±0.001 and g⊥ =2.088±0.001. The most probable origin of this paramagnetic species is an S− ion adjacent to an S vacancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.343431
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photochemical and thermochemical reactions of permanganate ions in ammonium perchlorate and ammonium tetrafluoroborate crystals: an EPR study (1992)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 96 (1992), S. 5746-5748 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100193a017
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE CERTAINTY OF PUNISHMENT: A REFERENCE GROUP EFFECT AND ITS FUNCTIONAL FORM (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Criminology 31 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-9125
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law
    Notes: The 1970s witnessed a renewal of interest in deterrence theory. Examining the functional form of the relationship between certainty of punishment and crime rate, Tittle and Rowe (1974) and Brown (1978) report a threshold effect: Below a certainty level of about .30 (the tipping point), they observed no relationship and above that level they observed a strong negative relationship. Unfortunately, few large cities achieve that level for most crimes. This interesting finding has rarely been followed up. Drawing on reference group theory, we extend this research by disaggregating the analysis by crime and race. While racial majorities may not experience certainty levels above the tipping point, some research suggests that racial minorities do experience such levels. Supporting this, our analysis shows a reference group effect for racial majorities and minorities and a curvilinear relationship, reflecting tipping and ceiling points, between certainty of punishment and crime rates for only racial minorities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01137.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Digital nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 4460-4463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A digital nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer based on a PC is described. The instrument works in a digital manner not only in rf frequency synthesis but also in receiver detection and filtering. A control program and a data processing procedure are developed using the Delphi 5 for Windows '95/'98 operating system. Compared with a traditional spectrometer, the present design is rather simple in its hardware parts. As a consequence, building a NMR spectrometer using the proposed design is simple and low cost. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1386629
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron spin resonance of CrO3−4 in Na2SO4 (1988)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 88 (1988), S. 2862-2863 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A CrO3−4 center with the z2 ground state is detected by ESR in Na2SO4 crystals grown at 80 °C, doped with CrO2−4, and gamma irradiated. A CrO3−4 center with the x2−y2 ground state, interacting with two chemically equivalent but magnetically distinguishable protons, is detected in crystals grown at 40 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.453978
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Problem drinking and high-risk driving: an analysis of official and self-reported drinking-driving in New York State (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction 88 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The authors collected data from 878 respondents at high risk of problem drinking and drunk driving and tested a hypothesis that stipulates problem drinking and high-risk driving as two necessary conditions of drunk driving. Controlling for a number of alcohol and non-alcohol-related variables, the analysis shows problem drinking to have consistent and significant effects on repeat DWI offenses and on the frequency of self-reported drinking-driving events. High-risk driving increases the frequency of self-reported drinking-driving. Males are more likely than females to be arrested for DWI, but there is no gender differences in self-reported drinking-driving. The authors further note a possible ‘suppress effect’ in that a negative relationship between DWI arrests and high-risk driving is concealed by problem drinking. That is, problem drinkers with multiple DWI arrest records may drive more carefully than before so as to avoid further contact with the police and licensing authorities. Public policy implications of the findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb00805.x
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