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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 7 (1999), S. 139-150 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words groundwater hydraulics ; transport system ; flow system ; Fourier analysis ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse des hydrosystèmes souterrains est basée sur le concept de systèmes hiérarchiques d'écoulement souterrain. La topographie de la surface piézométrique, qui est étroitement liée à celle de la surface du sol, est le facteur principal de l'emboîtement hiérarchique des écoulements souterrains, gouvernés par la gravité, ce qui fait apparaître des systèmes d'écoulement de différentes échelles en étendue et en profondeur de pénétration. Le concept de système d'écoulement est extrêmement utile pour analyser les échelles spatiales et temporelles et leurs relations mutuelles. Les équations de base correspondant à l'échelle du laboratoire sont étendues à des échelles régionales, plus vastes. L'utilisation de la méthode de Fourier met mieux en valeur l'idée originale de Tóth de systèmes d'écoulement commandés par la topographie. De cette façon, les différentes échelles spatiales de la nappe sont séparées naturellement, en donnant une expression simple pour la profondeur de pénétration du système d'écoulement souterrain. Cette décomposition fournit aussi la relation entre les échelles spatiale et temporelle. Dans une approche analogue à celle des systèmes d'écoulement, des masses d'eaux de qualités différentes peuvent être appelées "systèmes de transport". Des études de terrain, une modélisation numérique à micro-échelle sur des domaines à macro-échelle et la théorie de la dispersion stochastique indiquent qu'entre des systèmes soumis à un transport en régime permanent, les interfaces sont relativement minces. Les interfaces sont beaucoup plus minces que les zones de mélange relativement étendues prédites par l'approche conventionnelle de l'ingénierie pour la macro-dispersion, dans laquelle on applique des longueurs de macro-dispersion, indépendant du temps et relativement étendues. Une approche d'ingénierie alternative, relativement simple, est présentée. Pour la macro-dispersion de la propagation de panaches de soluté, le terme alternatif de dispersion donne les mêmes résultats que l'approche d'ingénierie conventionnelle et donne des résultats corrects pour le transport en régime permanent.
    Abstract: Resumen El análisis de los sistemas de flujo se basa en el concepto de modelos jerárquicos de aguas subterráneas. La topografía del nivel freático, estrechamente relacionada con la topografía de superficie, es uno de los factores principales en la continuidad jerárquica del flujo subterráneo gravífico, dando lugar a sistemas de flujo con distintos órdenes de magnitud en lo que respecta a extensión lateral y profundidad. El concepto de sistemas de flujo es extremadamente útil para el análisis de las escalas espacial y temporal y de sus interrelaciones. Las ecuaciones básicas deducidas a escala de laboratorio se extienden a escalas regionales. Mediante análisis de Fourier se llega al esquema original de Tóth de sistemas de flujo dominados por la topografía. De esta manera, las diferentes escalas espaciales del nivel freático quedan separadas de manera natural, lo que conduce a una expresión simple para la profundidad de penetración en un sistema de flujo. Esta descomposición conduce además a una relación ente las escalas espacial y temporal. De manera análoga a los sistemas de flujo, los cuerpos de agua de distinta calidad química pueden llamarse "sistemas de transporte". Tanto los estudios de campo como los modelos numéricos regionales con discretización a microescala, o la teoría estocástica de la dispersión indican que, para los sistemas con transporte estacionarios, las interfaces son bastante delgadas; más delgadas, por ejemplo, que las predichas por un tratamiento convencional de la macrodispersión, donde se utilizan valores relativamente grandes e independientes del tiempo. El estudio de la macrodispersión de penachos contaminantes se realiza mediante un modelo alternativo simple, donde el término alternativo de dispersión da los mismos resultados que los modelos convencionales.
    Notes: Abstract  Flow-system analysis is based on the concept of hierarchical groundwater flow systems. The topography of the water table, which is strongly related to the topography of the land surface, is a major factor in the hierarchical nesting of gravity-driven groundwater flow, resulting in flow systems of different orders of magnitude in lateral extent and depth of penetration. The concept of flow systems is extremely useful in the analysis of spatial and temporal scales and their mutual relationships. Basic equations on the laboratory scale are extended to larger, regional scales. Making use of Fourier analysis further develops Tóth's original idea of topography-driven flow systems. In this way, the different spatial scales of the water table are separated in a natural way, leading to a simple expression for the penetration depth of a flow system. This decomposition leads also to the relationship between spatial and temporal scales. Analogous to flow systems, water bodies with different water quality may be called 'transport systems.' Field studies, numerical micro-scale modeling over macro-scale domains, and stochastic dispersion theory indicate that between systems with steady transport, the interfaces are relatively thin. The interfaces are much thinner than the relatively large mixing zones predicted by the conventional engineering approach to macrodispersion, in which relatively large, time-independent macrodispersion lengths are applied. A relatively simple alternative engineering approach is presented. For macrodispersion of propagating solute plumes, the alternative dispersion term gives the same results as the conventional engineering approach and gives correct results for steady-state transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 21 (1995), S. 209-223 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: well ; Darcy's law ; perfect layering ; point sinks ; Hankel transform ; fast Fourier transform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the analytical description of single-phase flow caused by abstraction wells and governed by Darcy's law. Since we are mainly interested in the velocity field upon which an analysis of transport phenomena can be based, we may assume that the flow is quasi steady. A well may be composed of a number of point sinks, therefore the main problem is to determine the flow field caused by one point sink. For a perfectly layered subsurface the solution can be found by an approximation of the Hankel Transform using a Fast Fourier Transform. The final result is an algorithm that can be used to determine velocities and flow paths on any spatial scale, as will be shown by some examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 22 (1996), S. 121-136 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: permeability tensor ; principal axes ; spatial upscaling ; transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract It is well known that the permeability has a tensor character. In practical applications, this is accounted for by the introduction of three principal permeabilities — three scalars — and three mutually orthogonal principal axes. In this paper, it is investigated whether this is always the exact way of describing anisotropy and, if not, what the consequences of the principal axes approximation are for flow and transport. First, it is shown that spatial upscaling may result in nonsymmetric large-scale permeability tensors, for which principal axes do not exist. However, it is possible to define generalized principal axes: three principal axes for the flux and three for the pressure gradient, with only three principal permeabilities. Since nonsymmetric permeability tensors are undesirable in practical applications, an approximation method making the nonsymmetric permeability symmetric is introduced. The important conclusion is then that the exact large-scale flux and large-scale pressure gradient do not have the same directions as the approximate flux and approximate pressure gradient. A practical consequence is that the principal axes approximation results in a difference between flux and transport direction. When considering miscible displacement or transport of mass dissolved in groundwater, the velocity component normal to the flux direction may be considered as a contribution to the transverse macro dispersion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 30 (1998), S. 943-969 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: compliance tensor ; homogenization ; rigidity tensor ; rock mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we consider the upscaling of Hooke's law and its parameters on the fine scale, to a similar law with upscaled parameters on a larger scale. It is assumed that the fine scale material properties of the rock are imperfectly layered. In the governing equations, the deviations from perfect layering introduce a small parameter that can be used in perturbation series expansions for the stress, the strain, and the displacement. In the approximation of order zero the upscaled compliance matrix contains the well-known Backus parameters; this approximation holds exactly for a perfect layering. However, many natural rock types are imperfectly layered and in that case the approximation of order zero may not be sufficiently accurate. Therefore, we consider also the first order corrections. The derivation and results are presented both for the most general case and for the much simpler case in which the fine scale Poisson ratio may be assumed constant. From thermodynamic principles, it follows that the compliance tensor is symmetric on the fine scale. However, it is shown that the argument for symmetry cannot be extended to upscaled rigidities. One of the most important conclusions is that upscaled compliance tensors are nonsymmetric when there are trends in the deviations from perfect layering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 599-612 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes ; Boussinesq ; Bernoulli ; Vorticity ; Potentials ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A formulation based on three scalar functions or potentials is applied to analyse the Navier-Stokes and Boussinesq equations in three dimensions. In this formulation an explicit expression for the pressure exists, the so-called generalized Bernoulli equation. Therefore the scalar functions formulation may be considered as a generalization of the well-known potential flow and Bernoulli theory for irrotational fluid motion. The many advantages of this formulation applied to three-dimensional Navier-Stokes and Boussinesq flow will be discussed, and a numerical example is given as an illustration.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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