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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An electromigration model that includes the effects of microstructure and temperature on mass transport (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 4894-4902 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A model for electromigration in thin metal film interconnects is presented that includes two components of diffusion. The grain-boundary and lattice components of mass transport are considered in terms of their temperature dependence and the metallurgical "structure'' of patterned planar interconnects. Interconnect structure is defined in terms of single- and polycrystalline line segments, which result from the local grain microstructure for a patterned interconnect line. The dependence of the diffusional flux on the length and type of line segment is included in the model. The results indicate that the grain structure of the film plays an important role in determining the relative contribution of the diffusion components to mass transport. The model assumes that the length and type of interconnect line segment determines the relative contribution of grain boundary and lattice diffusion components, and provides a means for extrapolating accelerated test results for planar interconnects by taking into consideration the temperature dependence of the diffusion mechanisms, and the effect of the local microstructure on diffusion. The model also indicates that extrapolations made using Black's equation may result in an overestimate of safe operating conditions. Calculations show that the effective activation energy depends on the median grain size and its distribution parameter, D50 and σ, respectively, and the interconnect linewidth W. Model calculations of electromigration lifetime t50 were compared to experimental results obtained on patterned interconnects using sputter-deposited Al-1.5% Cu alloy films. The experimental data support a linewidth-dependent electromigration activation energy and show that the dependence of t50 on linewidth for W≤3D50 results from a change in the dominant diffusion mechanism with temperature, linewidth, and local interconnect "structure.''
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.353807
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electromigraton activation energy dependence on AlCu interconnect linewidth and microstructure (1992)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 60 (1992), S. 1860-1862 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Al 1.5% Cu interconnects with linewidths from 0.8 to 10 μm and median grain size of 3.0 μm were stressed at current densities from 2–3×106 A cm−2 and at film temperatures between 140 and 300 °C. The activation energy dependence of the linewidth and grain size distribution, along with evidence for electromigration damage at specific sites within the film grain structure provides support for a line segment model in which the mass transport mechanism is dependent on the microstructure of the film. The results suggest that the contribution of nongrain boundary diffusion mechanisms to mass transport is more significant than previously believed for lines having comparable grain size and linewidth dimensions. In the context of interconnect reliability in integrated circuits, the data indicates that interconnect design rules which are driven by reliability constraints must include the microstructural properties of the film for accurate assessment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.107161
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spinal gout: an unusual clinical and cytological presentation (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Cytopathology 10 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2303
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2303.1999.00195.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What are the current possibilities in treating peptic ulcer disease? (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 1 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: There are two major principles of ulcer therapy. Today, the most widely accepted drugs are those which substantially reduce aggressive factors (i.e. acid and pepsin), namely histamine H2-receptor antagonists, antimuscarinics and antacids. Less frequently applied are mucoprotective agents like colloidal bismuth compounds and sucralfate. Prostaglandins both reduce acid secretion substantially and are believed to enhance mucosal resistance. Their anti-ulcer efficacy, however, is solely explicable by their antisecretory activity. Although mucosa-strengthening agents and H2-receptor blockers have nearly identical healing rates, mucosa-strengthening agents have inconvenient dosage regimens (four times or twice daily) and are probably less effective in relieving pain. The same holds true for antacids. Prostaglandins, antimuscarinics and antacids have dose related side effects. In contrast, H2-receptor blockers are characterized by a clear mechanism of action, convenient dosage regimes, good tolerance and a low incidence of side-effects. H2-receptor antagonists are the most effective anti-ulcer drugs presently available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.1987.tb00657.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Refined High-Resolution Structure of the Metal-Ion Dependent L-Fuculose-1-phosphate Aldolase (Class II) from Escherichia coli (1996)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 52 (1996), S. 1082-1091 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The structure of the class II zinc-ion dependent L-fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli in its tetragonal crystal form has been established at 1.92 Å resolution. The homotetrameric enzyme has a molecular mass of 4 × 24 kDa and follows C4 symmetry. The structure model is exactly symmetrical, which contradicts an observed birefringence anomaly of the crystals. The four catalytic centers are located in deep clefts at the interfaces of adjacent subunits. The zinc ion is coordinated by three histidines and one glutamate in an almost tetrahedral arrangement. In contrast to numerous other catalytically competent zinc ions, there is no water molecule in the ligand sphere. Replacement of zinc by a cobalt ion caused only small structural changes. A search through the Protein Data Bank indicated that the chain fold is novel. Sequence homology searches revealed a significant similarity to the bacterial L-ribulose-5-phosphate 4-epimerase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0907444996009146
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Highly ordered crystals of channel-forming membrane proteins, of nucleoside-monophosphate kinases, of FAD-containing oxidoreductases and of sugar-processing enzymes and their mutants
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Crystal Growth 122 (1992), S. 385-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-0248
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022-0248(92)90273-L
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Highly ordered crystals of channel-forming membrane proteins, of nucleoside-monophosphate kinases, of FAD-containing oxidoreductases and of sugar-processing enzymes and their mutants
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Crystal Growth 122 (1992), S. 385-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-0248
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(92)90273-L
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Moulting hormone inLocusta migratoria: Rate of Ecdysone 20-hydroxylation and excretion during the last larval instar (1975)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 31 (1975), S. 247-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Titer von Ecdyson und Ecdysteron in Heuschrecken (Locusta migratoria) des V. Larvenstadiums wurde getrennt bestimmt. Ecdysteron herrscht zur Zeit des Titermaximums vor. Durch Injektion von radioaktivem Ecdyson wird gezeigt, dass dies durch ein Ansteigen der Steroid-20-Hydroxylase-Aktivität verursacht wird. Die Ausscheidung von Häutungshormonen mit dem Kot sorgt für das Sinken der Häutungshormon-Konzentration in den Tieren.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990733
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous observation of atomic step and domain wall structure of ultrathin Co films by magnetic force microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum (1999)
    Springer
    Applied physics 69 (1999), S. 359-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 61.16.Ch; 75.60.Ch; 75.70 Ak
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. We have applied magnetic force microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum to study the correlation between the atomic step and magnetic domain wall structure of ultrathin Co films prepared in situ on Au(111) substrates. For the first time we were able to achieve high-resolution images showing simultaneously a clear domain wall contrast and the underlying atomic step structure. Although for in-plane magnetized Co films the domain walls were found to run preferentially in a direction perpendicular to the steps, no such correlation could be observed for out-of-plane magnetized Co films.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390051014
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The syndrome of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, deafness, and other abnormalities (DIDMOAD-Syndrome) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 471-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Wolfram-Syndrome ; Insulin receptor ; Diabetes mellitus ; Optic atrophy ; Atonia of the efferent urinary tract ; Wolfram-Syndrom ; Insulinrezeptor ; Diabetes mellitus ; Optikusatrophie ; Atonie der ableitenden Harnwege
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir berichten über ein Geschwisterpaar mit DIDMOAD-Syndrom: ein 19 Jahre altes Mädchen mit Typ I Diabetes mellitus, Optikusatrophie, Innenohrschwerhörigkeit und Atonie der ableitenden Harnwege und ihren fünfjährigen Bruder mit Typ I Diabetes mellitus und Optikusatrophie. Untersuchungen der Insulinrezeptoren an Erythrozyten ergaben eine normale Anzahl pro Zelle und eine normale Affinität zum Insulin. Das Syndrom entspricht einem autosomal rezessiv erblichen Typ des juvenilen Diabetes mellitus, der häufig undiagnostiziert bleibt, da die meisten Symptome außer Diabetes mellitus und Optikusatrophie sehr unterschiedlich ausgeprägt sind. Die Atonie der ableitenden Harnwege, oft mit fatalen Komplikationen, tritt nach der Literatur bei 46% der Patienten mit diesem Syndrom auf und wird leider mit dem Acronym DIDMOAD nicht erfaßt.
    Notes: Summary We describe two sibs with DIDMOAD-Syndrome, a 19-year-old girl with diabetes mellitus (type I), optic atrophy, inner-ear deafness, and atonia of the urinary tract, and her 5-year-old brother with diabetes mellitus (type I) and optic atrophy. Studies of red blood cell insulin receptors revealed a normal number of receptors per cell and normal affinity to insulin. The syndrome represents an autosomal recessively inherited type of diabetes mellitus, which remains often undiagnozed since most of the symptomes except diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy occur with varying expressivity. An atonia of the efferent urinary tract often with fatal complications is present in 46% of all patients with this syndrome reported in the literature and is unfortunately not included in the acronym DIDMOAD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01720362
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