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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axonal injury and peripheral nerve grafting in the thalamus and cerebellum of the adult rat: upregulation of c-jun and correlation with regenerative potential (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 10 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The protooncogene c-jun is highly expressed for long periods in axotomized PNS neurons. This may be related to their growth and regeneration. In contrast, axotomized CNS neurons show only a small and transient upregulation of c-jun. It has been suggested that there may be a correlation between this failure to maintain high levels of c-jun expression after axotomy and abortive CNS axonal regeneration. We have studied, by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, the c-jun response after stab wound lesion, and after peripheral nerve grafting in the thalamus and cerebellum of the adult rat. A lesion elicits upregulation of c-jun in thalamic neurons ipsilateral to the lesion. This is most evident and prolonged in neurons such as those of the thalamic reticular nucleus, which have an established propensity to regenerate. After peripheral nerve grafting, the c-jun response in thalamic neurons is enhanced, mostly in neurons which have axons regenerating along the grafts. These neurons also upregulate growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43). By comparison, injured Purkinje cells of the cerebellum which do not regenerate their axons along a graft, do not upregulate either c-jun or GAP-43, although they increase their expression of p75. Thus CNS neurons able to regenerate their axons along a peripheral nerve graft are those in which c-jun is induced after injury, and c-jun may play a critical role in the control of gene programs for axonal regeneration. Moreover, the observed differences in the ability of CNS neurons to regenerate their axons may relate to a difference in their intrinsic molecular response to axotomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00282.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corticospinal neurons up-regulate a range of growth-associated genes following intracortical, but not spinal, axotomy (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 18 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The failure of some CNS neurons to up-regulate growth-associated genes following axotomy may contribute to their failure to regenerate axons. We have studied gene expression in rat corticospinal neurons following either proximal (intracortical) or distal (spinal) axotomy. Corticospinal neurons were retrogradely labelled with cholera toxin subunit B prior to intracortical lesions or concomitantly with spinal lesions. Alternate sections of forebrain were immunoreacted for cholera toxin subunit B or processed for mRNA in situ hybridization for ATF3, c-jun, GAP-43, CAP-23, SCG10, L1, CHL1 or krox-24, each of which has been associated with axotomy or axon regeneration in other neurons. Seven days after intracortical axotomy, ATF3, c-jun, GAP-43, SCG10, L1 and CHL1, but not CAP-23 or krox-24, were up-regulated by layer V pyramidal neurons, including identified corticospinal neurons. The maximum distance between the lesion and the neuronal cell bodies that up-regulated genes varied between 300 and 500 µm. However, distal axotomy failed to elicit changes in gene expression in corticospinal neurons. No change in expression of any molecule was seen in the neocortex 1 or 7 days after corticospinal axotomy in the cervical spinal cord. The expression of GAP-43, CAP-23, L1, CHL1 and SCG10 was confirmed to be unaltered after this type of injury in identified retrogradely labelled corticospinal neurons. Thus, while corticospinal neuronal cell bodies fail to respond to spinal axotomy, these cells behave like regeneration-competent neurons, up-regulating a wide range of growth-associated molecules if axotomized within the cerebral cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02809.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Child welfare standards for success
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Children and Youth Services Review 11 (1989), S. 319-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0190-7409
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine , Education , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0190-7409(89)90015-7
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interpersonal communication in the context of dementia
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Communication Disorders 23 (1990), S. 337-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9924
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0021-9924(90)90008-M
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A preliminary comparison of flat affect schizophrenics and brain-damaged patients on meausres of affective processing
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Communication Disorders 22 (1989), S. 93-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9924
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0021-9924(89)90026-9
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Substance P-immunoreactive retinal ganglion cells and their central axon terminals in the rabbit (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 327 (1987), S. 155-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] New Zealand and Dutch Belted rabbits (not operated upon or surviving 3-143 days after unilateral optic nerve section or eye enucleation) were used. Most received an intraocular injection of colchicine, which is known to increase peptide levels in neuronal cell bodies4. Some received a unilateral ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/327155a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The neurons and their postnatal development in the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat (1977)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 35-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: CNS ; Development ; Thalamus ; vLGN
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology and distribution of neurons in the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) of adult rats, and the postnatal growth and differentiation of these neurons were studied in Golgi-Cox preparations. In the adult, two main cell classes were recognized: class A cells and class B cells. The former are assumed to be projection neurons. The latter closely resemble the class B cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and are interpreted as presynaptic dendrite-bearing interneurons. Class A cells predominated and three subtypes were tentatively identified: small-medium size multipolar neurons, with short, branched spiny dendrites (most numerous in dorsolateral vLGN); medium-large fusiorm cells with one or two stem dendrites at each pole (most numerous in medial vLGN); large multipolar neurons with long, sparsely branched dendrites (most numerous in ventral vLGN). Class A and B cells were distinguishable at birth and showed parallel cell body size increases up to postnatal day 24. The dendrites of both classes of cell also reached the adult stage of differentiation at about day 24 but the differentiation of class B cell dendrites lags slightly behind that of class A cell dendrites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315296
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptic organization of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the adult hamster (1985)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 171 (1985), S. 223-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Retinal axons ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Hamster ; Synaptic organization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The synaptic organization of the α sector of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus has been examined by electron microscopy in normal adult hamsters and in adult hamsters subjected to unilateral eye enucleation or intravitreal injection of horseradish peroxidase. Two types of neuropil are apparent. Islands of complex neuropil partially enclosed by astrocyte processes (synaptic glomeruli) are surrounded by a sea of simpler non-glomerular neuropil. The latter is dominated by small axon terminals with spherical synaptic vesicles and Gray type 1 axodendritic contacts (SR-boutons) and also contains axon terminals with flattened synaptic vesicles (F-boutons). The glomerular neuropil contains (i) exclusively postsynaptic dendrites and dendritic protrusions of presumptive projection cells; (ii) pre- and postsynaptic pleomorphic-vesiclecontaining P-boutons (interpreted as appendages of the dendrites of interneurons); (iii) large axon terminals containing spherical synaptic vesicles and large pale mitochondria (R-boutons) which were experimentally identified as retinal terminals and which are presynaptic to both projection cell dendrites and P-boutons at Gray type 1 contacts; (iv) F-boutons (minority component). F-boutons and P-boutons are presynaptic to both projection cell dendrites and P-boutons and P-boutons are the intermediate elements of various serial synapses including triplet (triadic) synapses. Medium-large terminals with spherical synatpic vesicles and dark mitochondria (RLD-boutons) which were commonly invaginated by dendritic spines of projection cells in small glomerulus-like formations were also identified. The origin of RLD-boutons is unknown but SR-boutons probably derive chiefly from ipsilateral visual cortex and possibly also from superior colliculus, and non-glomerular F-boutons probably originate in the ipsilateral thalamic reticular nucleus. No differences in synaptic organization were found between the part of the nucleus which receives uncrossed retinal input and the part which receives crossed input, nor were differences seen in the size, fine structure or relationships between the terminals of identified crossed and uncrossed retinal axons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341417
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An ultrastructural study of the maturation of neuronal somata in the visual cortex of the rat (1979)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 157 (1979), S. 311-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Development ; Pyramidal neurons ; Non-pyramidal neurons ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of neuronal perikarya in layers II–VI of the visual cortex of perfusion-fixed albino rats, 12 h to 180 days old, has been studied by electron microscopy. Particular attention was paid to cells in photographic montages of 75μm wide strips extending through the full depth of the occipital cortex, cut from 100 μm vibratome sections of the brain. At birth, and during the first few postnatal days, most of the neurons present in the cortex are small, tightly packed ‘indifferent’ cells with scanty cytoplasm containing mitochondria and chiefly free ribosomes; a few presumptive pyramidal cells with a developing apical dendrite and more voluminous cytoplasm can be recognized in deep cortex. Non-pyramidal cells can be identified on postnatal day 6, when although scarce and with immature cytoplasmic features, they already display a more electron opaque chromatin pattern than developing pyramidal cells and receive axo-somatic contacts of Gray's type I. During the second postnatal week there are conspicuous increases in the maturity of the cells, which acquire a rich complement of cytoplasmic organelles: in general cells situated in the deep cortical plate are larger and better differentiated than those in the superficial plate, and non-pyramidal cells are less well differentiated than the associated pyramidal cells. By the end of the second week, differences in cytoplasmic maturity between superficial and deep, and between pyramidal and non-pyramidal cells are less evident. Maturation proceeds during the third postnatal week; both types of cells acquire an adult complement of axo-somatic synapses and their mature nuclear and cytoplasmic features, and by day 24 are indistinguishable from their adult counterparts. In keeping with previous Golgi studies of this same cortex, the non-pyramidal cells did not acquire mature ultrastructural features significantly later than the pyramidal cells. A possible correlate of particularly active synaptogenesis and plasticity in the population of nonpyramidal, cells during the third postnatal week (immediately after eyeopening), was that at this time these cells contained very prominent accumulations of granular reticulum, ribosomes and Golgi apparatus, and appeared hypertrophic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304996
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postnatal development of ipsilateral retino-geniculate projections in normal albino rats and the effects of removal of one eye at birth (1984)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Retino-geniculate projection ; Development ; Enucleation ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Albino rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of ipsilateral retinofugal projections to the lateral geniculate body in normal albino rats, and in rats unilaterally enucleated at birth has been examined. At postnatal ages ranging from 1 day to 6 months, horseradish peroxidase was injected into one eye of normal rats and into the remaining eye of neonatally enucleated animals. After approximately 20 hours, the animals were perfused, the brains sectioned and reaction product visualised using tetramethylbenzidine. Ipsilateral retinal projections to the lateral geniculate body in normal animals were extensive on postnatal day 1 and became reduced over the next few days, the adult pattern being established between days 9 and 12. In the enucleated group, the terminal fields of the ipsilateral projections to the lateral geniculate body from the remaining eye remained larger and displayed a greater density of terminal labelling than in age-matched controls. In addition, the ipsilateral terminal field in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus occupied a more lateral position than in control animals. These findings support previous suggestions that the abnormally large ipsilateral retino-fugal projections observed in adult rats following removal of one eye, at or close to, birth, result from a failure of the ipsilateral projection to become restricted and that terminal or preterminal sprouting of retinal axons may also make a small contribution to the formation of the exuberant ipsilateral projection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319460
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