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  • 1950-1954  (16)
  • 1952  (16)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (16)
Materialart
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 1950-1954  (16)
Jahr
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 289-311 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Graft vinyl copolymers have been prepared by chain transfer reaction between monomer radical and polymer molecule, followed by addition of monomer to the “macroradical.” For this purpose vinyl monomers have been polymerized in the presence of appreciable amounts (25% or more) of foreign polymer, with benzoyl peroxide as catalyst (0.5% on monomer). The separation of the graft copolymers from the other homopolymers present in the mixture is based on differences in the solubility of these products. Experiments are carried out with vinyl acetate with polymethyl methacrylate at different temperatures, 75°, 85°, and 95°C.; the graft percentage depends considerably on t°, and the following values, respectively, 15, 32, and 53% for vinyl acetate are obtained from chemical and infrared analysis. These graft copolymers were identified by their solubility properties and their osmotic and viscometric behavior, values of k′ (Huggins' constant) and μ varying greatly for a mixture of both polymers (a true copolymer and a graft copolymer) where the molecular weight and the per cent of vinyl acetate are the same. In the same way, it is possible to obtain a graft copolymer by polymerization of vinyl chloride in the presence of polymethyl methacrylate. It has not been found possible to carry out the inverse reactions, namely, the polymerization of methylmethacrylate onto polyvinyl acetate or polyvinyl chloride, owing to fractionation of the polymers. Similar experiments were carried out at different temperatures with styrene on polymethyl methacrylate and with methyl methacrylate on polystyrene. In both cases the reactions are successful, and are characterized by a strong increase in solubility of the polystyrene fraction. In the first case, the amount of solubilized polystyrene increases with increasing temperature. These graft copolymerizations are related to degradation measurements described elsewhere and to the stability of the radicals formed.
    Notizen: Des copolymères greffés ont été préparés par réaction de transfert de chaǐne entre un radical monomérique et une molécule de polymère suivie de l'addition de monomère au macroradical. Dans ce but, les monomères vinyliques ont été polymérisés en présence de quantités appréciables (25% et plus) de polymère étranger, en présence de peroxyde de benzoyle comme initiateur (0.5% par rapport au monomère). La séparation des copolymères greffés des autres homopolymères présents dans le mélange est basée sur les différences de solubilité de ces produits. Les expériences ont été menées au départ d'acétate de vinyle en présence de polyméthacrylate de méthyle à différentes températures, savoir 75°, 85° et 95°C.; le taux de greffage dépend fortement de la t°, et atteint respectivement 15, 32 et 53% d'acétate de vinyle (analyses chimiques et infra-rouges) Ces copolymères greffés ont été identifiés par leurs propriétés de solubilité et leur comportémént osmotique et viscosimétrique; les valeurs de k′ (constante de Huggins) et μ varient considérablement si on compare un mélange de polymères, un copolymère habituel et un copolymère greffé, dont les poids moléculaires et le taux d'acétate de vinyle sont semblables. De la měme façon, il a été possible d'obtenir un copolymère greffé par polymérisation du chlorure de vinyle en présence de polyméthacrylate de méthyle. Les réactions inverses toutefois, savoir la polymérisation du méthacrylate de méthyle en greffage sur les acétate ou chlorure de polyvinyle, n'ont pu ětre mises en évidence par des opérations de fractionnement. Des expériences semblables ont été effectuées à différentes températures avec le styrène en présence de polyméthacrylate de méthyle, et inversément le méthacrylate de méthyle en présence de polystyrène. Dans les deux cas les réactions réussissent et se manifestent par une solubilisation de la fraction polystyrénique. Dans le premier cas, la quantité de polystyrène solubilisé croǐt avec une augmentation de température. Ces copolymérisations par greffage sont reliées aux phénomènes de dégradation, décrites ailleurs, et à la stabilité des radicaux formés au cours des réactions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 22 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 445-445 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: We have studied the copolymerization behavior of perfluoropropene, perfluorobutene-1, perfluorobutene-2, perfluoroisobutene, perfluoropentene-1, and perfluorononene-1. We have so far not succeeded in homopolymerizing these olefins. However, certain nonfluorinated, nonconjugated comonomers-ethylene, vinyl. chloride, vinyl acetate, and the vinyl alkyl ethers-were found to copolymerize readily, giving copolymers containing up to 50 mole per cent, and in some cases slightly more than this, of the perfluoro-olefin in the copolymer. The higher members of the series copolymerize in general less readily than the lower members. The products ranged from viscous oils to tough, film-forming solids. The difficulty of homopolymerization and the relative ease of copolymerization of the perfluoro-olefins with the above comonomers are discussed and interpreted in terms of probable electron distributions around the double-bond.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 579-581 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 651-656 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 61-68 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The formation of “grafted” vinyl copolymers by polymerizing one monomer in the presence of a preformed vinyl polymer has been extended to a new monomer-polymer combination and one point of attachment of the lateral (grafted) polymer chain has been shown precisely. When ethylene was polymerized in the presence of polyvinyl acetate under a variety of conditions, modified polyvinyl acetates having lateral polyethylene chains were formed. Alkaline methanolysis of such modified polymers yielded mixtures of long-chain fatty acids and ethylene-modified polyvinyl alcohols (which were inseparable from any unmodified polyvinyl alcohol that may have been present). The hydrolysis to long-chain acids shows that polyvinyl acetate acts as a chain transfer agent and that one point of lateral growth of polyethylene chains is the —CH3 in the acetoxy group of polyvinyl acetate. The second hydrolysis product, the ethylene-modified polyvinyl alcohol, shows that chain transfer, and subsequent growth of polyethylene chains, can also occur on the chain carbons of polyvinyl acetate. Oxidation of the ethylene-modified polyvinyl alcohols yielded a mixture of oxalic acid and long-chain fatty acids. At the low ethylene pressures studied (300 to 1200 p.s.i.) only traces to small amounts of low molecular weight polyethylene waxes were formed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 657-657 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 449-456 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The sedimentation equilibrium of polymers in mixed solvents at infinite dilution of polymer was analyzed by thermodynamic methods equivalent to those used by Stockmayer and Kirkwood and Goldberg for the light scattering case. It was found that the apparent weight-average molecular weight in a binary solvent mixture (when nonrefractometric methods are used to measure the experimental concentration gradient) is formally identical with that derived by Lansing and Kraemer on the assumption of stoichiometric combination of one of the solvents with the polymer. The “solvation number” now actually measures a preference for one solvent and can be expressed in terms of thermodynamic quantities characteristic of the ternary polymer-solvent system. In the case of refractometric measurements, where the two solvents have different refractive indices, refraction terms similar to those encountered in light scattering theory for mixed solvents also enter. Under equilibrium conditions, for polymer solutions in pure solvents, thermodynamics can say nothing about “solvation,” which is inseparable from the over-all nonideal behavior at finite concentrations. There is strong reason to believe that all types of experiments designed to measure solvation in mixed solvents under equilibrium conditions must give the same answer, since the same thermodynamic quantities determine polymer-solvent interactions in all cases. By assuming a dynamic equilibrium between sedimentation and diffusion in the equilibrium case and using the sedimentation term for the sedimentation velocity case, an expression for the sedimentation constant in mixed solvents at infinite dilution of polymer has been obtained. This expression is almost the same as that previously derived by Schachman and Lauffer, the difference occurring in an assumption about the density of solvated liquid made by these authors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The degradation of polystyrene by heat and ultraviolet radiant energy was followed by mass spectrometric analysis of the gaseous products evolved. Oxygen content, discoloration, and insolubility of the treated polymer were also investigated. The degradation of polystyrene involves two different processes: (1) the breakdown of thermolabile groups formed in the polymer prior to degradative treatment; this breakdown is caused by exposure to heat at 120°C. in vacuo and 115°C. in oxygen and to ultraviolet radiant energy at 120°C. in vacuo and 118°C. in oxygen; it is accompanied by the removal of residual materials such as solvent; and (2) the oxidation of the polymer caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiant energy in the presence of oxygen. The evolution of benzene, methyl ethyl ketone, dimethylbenzenes, and alcohols is associated with the first stage involving the breakdown of thermolabile groups and the removal of residual materials. Compounds such as formaldehyde, formic acid, and acetic acid are produced as a result of oxidation of the polymer. The oxygen content of the polymer was decreased from 0.33 to approximately 0.1 percent by heating at 120°C. in vacuo and at 115°C. in oxygen, and by exposure to ultraviolet radiant energy at 120°C. in vacuo. Ultraviolet treatment at 118°C. in oxygen for 250 hours quadrupled the original oxygen concentration. Discoloration of the polystyrene was definitely noted only on exposure to ultraviolet radiant energy in oxygen and is associated with oxidation of the polymer. The material became insoluble as a result of all heat and ultraviolet treatments. The amount of insoluble material increased with severity of exposure conditions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A new initiating system, named the “Veroxazine” system, for the copolymerization of butadiene (75)-styrene (25) is described. Ferric versenate is reduced by hydrazine to the ferrous complex which in turn reacts with hydroperoxide to produce the radicals which initiate polymerization. At 5°C., with 5 parts of K-fatty acid soap, 0.1 part of Diox D, 0.1 part of N2H4·H2SO4, 0.0615 part of sodium hydroxide (to give free hydrazine base from the salt), 0.0005 M ferric iron (equivalent to 0.036 part ferric nitrate nonahydrate per 100 parts monomers), 0.0005 M versene, 1 part of K4P2O7 and 0.3 part sulfole, 70% conversion is reached in 12 hours. The rate of conversion can be varied within wide limits by changing the concentration of ferric iron, versene, or hydrazine. Typical conversion-time data at 5°C. with K-fatty acid soap, 0.1 Diox D, and 1 part of K4P2O7 are summarized below. TextFe(III)VN2H4·H2SO4, partConversion, %124812 hrs.0.005M0.002M0.114254790 - 0.002M0.001M0.111224475 - 0.001M0.0008M0.19193264850.0005M0.0005M0.16162848700.0003M0.0002M0.14101938530.001M0.0005M0.417315292 - 0.001M0.0005M0.215274081 - 0.001M0.0005M0.111213362830.001M0.0005M0.05614274766With a given concentration of ferric iron the maximum rate is found with a molar concentration of versene slightly smaller than that of ferric iron. The excess of ferric iron over versene is kept in aqueous solution as the complex with pyrophosphate. The addition of potassium pyrophosphate up to one part increases the rate of conversion and yields a normal latex free from precoagulation. In the absence of pyrophosphate a viscous latex subject to precoagulation is obtained. The effects of kind and amounts of soap, of free acid or base, of kind and concentration of hydroperoxide, kind and concentration of mercaptan, of oxygen, of methanol, and of shortstops have been investigated. Veroxazine recipes which give from 55 to 70% conversion in 12 hours at -5°C. are described.
    Zusätzliches Material: 28 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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