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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for precursor plasma formation resulting from heterogeneous current channels in wire array loads (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 1745-1753 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The initial current flow in single and double wire loads exploded by current generators with dI/dt in the range of 1010–1012 A/s has been investigated using laser absorption and interferometric techniques. The results clearly show heterogeneous current channel formation with a plasma corona surrounding a predominantly neutral core. In the two wire load case, the corona is observed to separate from the core and prematurely implode on axis. Parasitic current channels were observed when material, outgassed by a low level prepulse current, is ionized to form a current carrying plasma channel that temporarily shields the wire from the main current pulse. In a complementary study on a terawatt generator, the radiation spectra from Mg coated Al wire array loads contained Mg K-shell lines 10 ns before similar Al lines were observed, confirming the load straggling effects implied by the laser imaging measurements. The results are consistent with theoretical predictions of heterogeneous current channels and precursor plasma formation that lead to a softer implosion, reduced ion density, and reduced x-ray yield. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871693
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prognostic factor analysis, for patients with no evidence of disease after initial chemotherapy for advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma (1996)
    Suite 500, 5th Floor, 238 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA : Blackwell Science Inc.
    International journal of gynecological cancer 6 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1438
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Although the results from chemotherapy for advanced ovarian carcinoma have improved over the past 15 years with the introduction of platinum compounds, there are still a large number of patients who will relapse from complete response (clinical or pathological) to first line therapy, and there is little published data on prognostic factors for survival after relapse. A total of 270 patients from two randomized trials in ovarian carcinoma conducted in Scotland were reviewed and the data from 117 patients who were disease free after first line treatment were analyzed to determine prognostic factors associated with disease-free survival and survival after relapse respectively.The most important prognostic factors adversely influencing time to relapse were the presence of ascites at presentation and an advanced tumor stage. For time from relapse to death, the most important adverse features were: early relapse, no chemotherapy at relapse, histology other than serous and stage at diagnosis (either stage IC/II or stage III/IV with residual disease 〈inlineGraphic alt="geqslant R: gt-or-equal, slanted" extraInfo="nonStandardEntity" href="urn:x-wiley:1048891X:IJG06010008:ges" location="ges.gif"/〉2 cm). From our results, 26% of patients who achieve complete response are alive and disease-free after 5 years, while 56% relapsed within 2 years. Of the patients whose disease-free period following initial complete response extends beyond 600 days, 50% can expect a further period of at least 600 days following relapse and subsequent therapy. Patients with ascites and advanced stage may be suitable for consideration of a more aggressive approach (high dose chemotherapy) once complete response is confirmed, the aim being to improve the disease-free period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1438.1996.06010008.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of K-shell emission from moderate-Z, low-η (-velocity), Z-pinch implosions (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 710-718 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Because of the large amount of kinetic energy and mass needed for efficient production of K-shell emission from moderate atomic number z-pinch plasmas (Z(approximately-greater-than)22), moderate Z experiments performed in the near future will likely take place at relatively low implosion velocities or low-η values, where η is defined as the ratio of the maximum kinetic energy per ion generated prior to stagnation to the minimum energy per ion, Emin, needed to instantly heat and to ionize a plasma into the K shell upon stagnation of the pinch. Since there has been no systematic theoretical or experimental investigations of K-shell yield scaling with mass and atomic number in the low-η regime η∼1–3, in anticipation of such future experiments, we report on the results of our theoretical investigation into this regime. In particular aluminum, argon, titanium, and krypton plasmas were studied using a 1D radiation hydrodynamics model that uses enhanced transport coefficients to phenomenologically attain the stagnation conditions of experimental z-pinches. The results of this study have identified the following important effects: low-η plasmas remain in an inefficient mass2 (or current4) scaling regime at much higher masses than predicted by our earlier work, which was based on η(approximately-greater-than)3.7 calculations. Thus, more energy than predicted by the earlier scaling laws will apparently be needed to obtain significant amounts of, for example, krypton K-shell emission. In addition, lags in ionization times become important increasingly with the Z of the plasma and adversely affect K-shell emission. The physics responsible for these time dependent effects and how they will influence the design of future experiments are discussed. ©1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362923
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics and dynamics of the initial adsorption of nitric oxide on Ir(111) (1996)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 105 (1996), S. 8362-8375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction of nitric oxide (NO) with an Ir(111) surface has been studied with supersonic molecular beam techniques and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Initial adsorption probability S0, measurements as a function of incident kinetic energy Ei, surface temperature Ts, and angle of incidence θi reveal that separate mechanisms govern adsorption at low and high kinetic energy. This distinction is reflected in measurements of the initial molecular adsorption probability where a decrease in the value of S0 with increasing Ts (between 77 and 300 K) is observed at low kinetic energy (Ei〈0.45 eV), but no surface temperature dependence is detected at high kinetic energy in this temperature range. We present a model describing both the molecular and dissociative chemisorption of NO on Ir(111). At low kinetic energy, NO adsorbs initially as a physically adsorbed species. From this state, desorption to the gas phase or conversion to a molecularly chemisorbed state on the surface are competing processes which depend on surface temperature. The molecularly chemisorbed state is the precursor to dissociation for elevated surface temperatures. At high kinetic energy, NO adsorption occurs directly into the molecularly chemisorbed well, with the probability of trapping as a physically adsorbed species near zero and with undetectable direct dissociation. Indeed, after exposure of the Ir(111) surface at 77 K to a high kinetic energy (1.3 eV) beam, surface vibrational spectroscopy measurements show only features attributable to molecularly chemisorbed NO. The success of this model in describing our measurements is demonstrated by the separate calculation from low and high kinetic energy data of rate constants corresponding to forward and reverse conversion from the molecularly chemisorbed well. Additionally, we discuss attempts to promote dissociation on the surface with vibrational energy and with a combination of translational and surface thermal energy. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.472691
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sources of resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola races in Phaseolus vulgaris (1996)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 45 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: One thousand and forty-eight Phaseolus bean accessions were evaluated for resistance to six races of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. The accessions originated from regions of the Americas and Africa where the disease is important and included wild type accessions and some known resistance sources. Resistance, graded on a five-point scale, was of two types: qualitative, which was shown to be race-specific, and quantitative. Race specific resistance genes (R-genes) were detected in 49.4% of accessions with the following gene frequencies: R1 (10.3%), R2 (0.3%), R3 (25.0%), R4 (35.0%) and R5 (0.2%).Evidence for quantitative variation in resistance, in the absence of specific R-genes, was shown by the distribution of infection scores, 76% of accessions showing maximum susceptibility (grades 4–5), 23% showing intermediate resistance (grades 2–4), and 1% showing high levels of quantitative resistance (grades 1–2). The last 1% of accessions showed interactions which were not race-specific and it is suggested that they may possess race non-specific resistance. It is possible that several of the accessions in this category carry the recessive gene derived from PI 150414. Other accessions were of unknown parentage and may represent new sources of quantitative, potentially race non-specific, resistance. It is suggested that the combination of race specific and race non-specific resistance could provide an effective strategy for establishing durable resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1996.d01-148.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alterations in hemodynamics and left ventricular contractility during carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum (1996)
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 10 (1996), S. 974-978 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Key words: Laparoscopic surgery — Pneumoperitoneum — Left ventricular function — Hemodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum has been shown to adversely affect hemodynamics in patients. This study specifically examines the potential contribution of altered left ventricular contractility (LVC) to hemodynamic changes observed during CO2 pneumoperitoneum. Methods: In a canine model, LV volumes, LV pressure, and intrathoracic and central venous pressures were recorded both at basal intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and after CO2 insufflation to produce IAPs of 5–25 mmHg. Results: At IAPs greater than 15 mmHg, cardiac output and LV end-diastolic volume decreased. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were unchanged. LVC, quantified using the linear Frank-Starling relationship, was not affected by increases in IAP. Conclusions: This study is the first to quantify LVC during CO2 pneumoperitoneum and demonstrates no changes in contractility over IAPs from 5 to 25 mmHg. In the dog model, any hemodynamic alterations induced by CO2 pneumoperitoneum are secondary to altered LV preload and not alterations in contractility or LV afterload.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004649900217
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alterations in inotropy, nitric oxide and cyclic GMP synthesis, protein phosphorylation and ADP-ribosylation in the endotoxin-treated rat myocardium and cardiomyocytes (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 163-164 (1996), S. 305-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: nitric oxide ; endotoxin ; cardiomyocytes ; guanosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate ; calcium ; ADP-ribosylation ; phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the effects of the in vivo endotoxin treatment of the rat on (1) the contractile responses in the subsequently isolated papillary muscle to adrenergic and cholinergic agonists and (2) the biochemical parameters (cyclic GMP, nitric oxide synthesis, protein phosphorylation and ADP-ribosyslation) in the subsequently isolated cardiomyocytes. Following the in vivo endotoxin treatment (4 mg/kg i.p., 18 h), contractile responses to increasing amounts of isoprenaline or to increasing amounts of oxotremorine in the presence of a fixed amount of isoprenaline were determined in isolated papillary strips. Activities of nitric oxide synthase, guanylyl cyclase, as well as phosphorylation of phospholamban and troponin-inhibitory subunit, and pertussis toxin-catalyzed and endogenous ADP-ribosylations were determined in the intact cardiomyocytes and subcellular fractions. The increase in the force of contraction by isoprenaline was reduced, while its inhibition by oxotremorine was greater in the endotoxin-treated papillary strips. The activities of both nitric oxide synthase, primarily of the inducible form of the enzyme, and cytosolic guanylyl cyclase were higher while the phosphorylations of both phospholamban and troponin-inhibitory subunit were of lesser magnitude in the cardiomyocytes following the in vivo endotoxin treatment. Pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of the 41 kDa polypeptide, which is the alpha subunit of Gi, was also decreased. The results of the present study support the postulate that alterations in both the cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP signalling cascade contribute to the myocardial dysfunction caused by endotoxin and cytokines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408671
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological arousal and attention in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment 18 (1996), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3505
    Keywords: posttraumatic stress disorder ; psychophysiology ; neuropsychology ; attention ; arousal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Psychophysiological reactivity has been well documented in WWII, Korean Conflict, and Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In addition, these individuals have demonstrated cognitive impairments within the domains of attention, concentration, new learning, and memory. However, there has been no research examining the impact of physiological arousal on attention in individuals with PTSD. This study documents the level of physiological arousal and associated disruption of attentional abilities in 28 Persian Gulf War veterans (18 without PTSD or other psychopathology and 10 with PTSD). This population represents a group of combat trauma victims who experienced a relatively acute onset of PTSD, thus providing a unique opportunity to compare prior psychophysiological and cognitive results with a group of veterans who manifested a recent onset of PTSD. Results indicated relatively comparable psychophysiological reactivity and arousal between Persian Gulf War veterans with PTSD and Persian Gulf War veterans without PTSD. Furthermore, attentional processes of veterans with PTSD were not more disrupted than in comparison soldiers. Results suggest that the intensity and chronicity of the disorder may impact physiological arousal and disruption of cognitive functioning. Following Persian Gulf War veterans with PTSD over time may reveal that psychophysiological arousal becomes more pronounced with chronicity, perhaps as memory networks become strengthened and/or neuroendocrine systems become increasingly disrupted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02229099
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple correction for perturbations of peak amplitudes in statistical models of overlap (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 367-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Statistical models of overlap ; Probability of overlap ; Estimation of component numbers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The application of statistical models of overlap (SMOs) to saturated separations is made possible by theory that addresses variable peak amplitudes. These amplitudes cause peak widths to vary, and this variation can be modeled by a random variable whose effect on the probability of overlap is expressed by a convolution integral. Modified probabilities of overlap are derived for both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous one-dimensional separations, and the new probabilities are compared to results determined from published computer simulations. The new theory can describe overlap at saturations that are 3 to 4 times larger than before. Previously reported experimental chromatograms are reinterpreted to show the capabilities of theory. The theoretical extension is an important step towards making SMOs into practical tools for screening analytical separations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272125
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