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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 71 (1997), S. 219-221 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We use electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction to study the microstructure of TiN deposited on Al. In contrast to previous work, we show that the TiN has a large ((approximate)1 μm) grain size arising from its epitaxial orientation on the underlying Al. Within a single grain, the TiN has a heavily voided columnar structure that closely mimics the appearance of fine grains. The within-grain columnar structure arises from the usual shadowing mechanism for sputtered films, and has a weak dependence on the deposition temperature. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of texture studies 28 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-4603
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rheological characteristics of seven Feta cheeses with different textures and produced from ultrafiltered milk (UF-Feta cheeses) were evaluated by uniaxial compression and sensory texture analysis. The effect of uniaxial deformation rate (50–2500 mm/min) on four rheological parameters: Stress at fracture s̀f), Hencky strain at fracture (ɛf), deformability modulus (E) and work to fracture (Wf) was examined. Three Principal Components (PC) described 76, 16 and 4% respectively, of the variation in the uniaxial compression data set (4 parameters at 12 deformation rates). Statistically αf, E and Wf described the same type of information in the data set. Six sensory texture attributes of the UF-Feta cheeses were evaluated by a sensory texture panel: nonoral firmness, nonoral brittleness, nonoral spreadability, oral crumbliness, oral firmness and oral stickiness. One PC described 93% of the variation in the sensory texture data and grouped the sensory variables into two negatively correlated groups: nonoral firmness nonoral brittleness, oral firmness and oral crumbliness versus nonoral spreadability and oral stickiness. Correlations and Partial Least Squares regression (PLS) between instrumental and sensory texture variables showed that nonoral and oral firmness were the nonoral and oral sensory variables best predicted from instrumental measurements. αf, E and Wf were all able to predict nonoral and oral firmness. Of the instrumental parameters, αf generally gave the best correlation to nonoral firmness at all deformation rates. Above a deformation rate of 50 mm/min correlations between αf and nonoral firmness were almost independent of deformation rate, and at any deformation rate correlations between αf and oral firmness
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 7497-7505 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Mechanisms underlying the refractive index changes in germanosilica films deposited by hollow cathode plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and subjected to UV irradiation are proposed based on observed changes in film thickness, stress, and structure. An increase in refractive index after UV exposure is observed in films deposited under low ion bombardment conditions. This increase in refractive index is accompanied by a reduction in film thickness which is an order of magnitude larger than that expected from the Lorentz–Lorentz relation. This behavior is shown to result from: (i) a significant degree of porosity in the as-deposited material; (ii) oxygen deficiency of the as-deposited material. Upon UV irradiation, the porous structure is compacted, thus accounting for the large decrease in thickness, while the oxygen deficiency is reduced causing a decrease in the material polarizability and counteracting the effect of the thickness reduction. On the other hand, germanosilica deposited under high ion-bombardment conditions is of normal optical quality and exhibits a decrease in refractive index after exposure to UV. This refractive index reduction is shown to be the result of three processes: structural dilation and stress relief on one side; and an increase in material polarizability on the other, with structural dilation having the largest effect. Annealing of the exposed samples has shown that most of the polarizability increase is likely to be annealed out at 500 °C, while the refractive index change caused by structural dilation is stable up to 800 °C. Finally, it is shown that during plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, germanosilica is more prone to nucleation and columnar growth than pure silica and therefore a higher level of ion bombardment is required in the former case in order to obtain a high quality homogeneous material. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 24 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: summary In an attempt to draw the clinician's attention to the coronoid process site While evaluating the aetiology of the restriction of mandibular opening, four cases are illustrated. These cases represent a diversity of causes hampering the free rotational movement of the coronoid process in space during jaw function. Case 1 is an example of unilateral hyperplastic coronoid process and osteochondroma; case 2 shows unusually shaped short and divergent coronoid processes combined with a bucally displaced maxillary third molar on one side; cases 3 and 4 represent an anatomical variation of an extremely narrow vestibular space due to the close proximity of the medial aspect of the coronoid process to the distal molar. It is suggested that each clinical examination include the width of the buccal vestibular space while performing mandibular movements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 24 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: summary A significant clinical consideration in the restoration of partial edentulism with implant and tooth-supported prostheses is whether implants and natural teeth abutments should be splinted, and if so, in what manner. This article presents a review of laboratory and clinical studies related to splinting. Stress analysis studies reveal high stress concentration around the implant neck when rigidly connected to teeth. This was not borne out in in vivo studies in short-span bridges. While stress absorbing elements have been advocated to redistribute and reduce stress concentration away from the implant neck where bone resorption is often seen, finite element analysis and photo-elastic studies demonstrate that such stress absorbing elements may be effective only when their resiliency is in the same order of magnitude as the periodontal ligament. Clinical studies reporting life table statistics in combined implant and tooth restorations do not show adverse effects of splinting teeth to implants. These studies, however, are mostly short-term reports oh survival with results that are as yet inconclusive. The issue of connecting with rigid or non-rigid connectors remains unresolved with a growing body of information favouring retrievable short-span rigid connection to non-mobile teeth. Root intrusion is a potential clinical hazard of non-rigid connection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Manuelle Medizin 35 (1997), S. 126-130 
    ISSN: 1433-0466
    Keywords: Key words Measurement platform • Foot bones • Analytical mobilization • Plantar foot ; Schlüsselwörter Meßplattform • Fußgelenke • Analytische Mobilisation • Plantare Fußfläche
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe einer elektronischen Meßplattform versuchen wir die Auswirkung der passiven Mobilisation der Fußknochen in bezug auf die Kräfte, den Druck und die plantare Fläche, zu überprüfen. Zwei statistisch gleichartige Gruppen werden getestet. Eine Gruppe von 50 Personen wird mobilisiert, die andere Gruppe (25 Personen) dient zur Veranschaulichung einer Nichtmobilisation. Die Ergebnisse liefern uns statistisch keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Messungen vor und nach Mobilisation bezüglich der Kräfte und der Veränderungen der Flächen. Dagegen detektieren wir bei den mobilisierten Personen eine statistisch signifikante Druckerhöhung. Es scheint, daß die Mobilisation die passiven und aktiven Strukturen des Fußes in Spannung bringt.
    Notes: Abstract With the help of an electronic walking platform, we tried to verify the effect of passive mobilization of the foot bones with respect to the force, pressures, and surfaces. Two statistically similar groups were tested. A group of 50 persons were mobilized, the other group (25 persons) immobilized. The results indicate that there were no statistically significant differences between the measures taken before and after mobilization concerning the force and surfaces. On the other hand, in the mobilized group there were statistically significant differences that tended to increase. It seems that mobilization stretches the passive and active structures of the foot.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hochtonaudiometrie ; Normalhörschwelle ; Pädaudiologie ; Altersabhängigkeit ; Key words High-frequency audiometry ; Normal hearing thresholds ; Pediatric audiometry ; Age effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Since reliable headphones are now available, clinical audiometry can also be performed in extended high frequencies (EHF). Hearing in frequencies over 10 kHz is more influenced by age, noise and toxicity. Thus it is useful to take additionally results in children to establish the normal hearing threshold. In the present study, 35 pre-school children (ages 4–7 years) were tested by EHF (8 kHz–16 kHz) using a new Sennheiser HDA-200 headphone. The hearing thresholds recorded corresponded to those of other studies. Median and standard deviations for 10 kHz were 25 dB(SPL)±12 dB(SPL), 35 dB(SPL)± 12 dB(SPL) for 12.5 kHz and 50 dB(SPL)± 15 dB(SPL) for 16 kHz. In the older children (〉5 years), hearing thresholds could be more reliably determined and were 10 dB(SPL) better than in the younger children (〈5 years). Thresholds at 10 kHz–12.5 kHz corresponded to those found in adults, but were more sensitive by 5 dB(SPL)– 15 dB(SPL) in the 14 kHz–16 kHz range.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach Entwicklung von geeigneten Kopfhörern ist die Audiometrie im erweiterten Hochtonbereich (8 kHz–16 kHz) auch unter klinischen Bedingungen möglich. Bei der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde das Hörvermögen von 35 Kindern im Vorschulalter (4–7 Jahre) im Frequenzbereich von 8 kHz–16 kHz mit dem neuen Audiometriekopfhörer HDA 200 (Fa. Sennheiser) geprüft. Die mittleren Hörschwellenpegel ergeben am Kuppler B&K 4153 (entsprechend Normentwurf IEC 29/299/CD) im Median mit Standardabweichung bei 10 kHz einen Schalldruckpegel von 25 dB±12 dB, bei 12,5 kHz: 35 dB±12 dB und bei 16 kHz: 50 dB±15 dB. Bei den älteren Kindern des Kollektivs (〉5 Jahre) waren die Hörschwellen zuverlässiger zu ermitteln und lagen um ca. 10 dB günstiger als bei jüngeren Kindern (〈5 Jahre). Bei 10 kHz–14 kHz entsprechen sie etwa denen normalhörender junger Erwachsener und sind aber bei 16 kHz um 10 dB–15 dB empfindlicher. Da im Bereich über 10 kHz das Gehör durch Alter, Lärm und toxische Einflüße in größerem Ausmaß als im konventionellem Audiometriebereich geschädigt wird, lassen diese Untersuchungen Rückschlüsse auf ein „physiologisches Normalgehör” des (noch) ungeschädigten Ohres zu.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    HNO 45 (1997), S. 460-465 
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Dysarthrie ; Velopharynx ; Velopharyngeale Insuffizienz ; Key words Dysarthria ; Velopharynx ; Velopharyngeal insufficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this study we developed another method for the detection of nasopharyngeal closing patterns. This investigation of dynamic closure patterns was based on flexible videonasopharyngoscopy and was undertaken in both healthy subjects and patients with dysarthria. Quantitative assessments of pharyngeal wall excursions allowed evaluation of closure patterns which were then matched with a predefined, mathematically-based algorithm. The results showed that a greater velopharyngeal constriction was maintained in the following order: resonants, open vowels, forced expiration, closed vowels, consonants, and swallowing. Variations in phonetic expressions of phonemes mainly interfered with velum excursion, whereas the lateral pharyngeal mucosal wall was minimally involved and the posterior wall portions were unaffected. Velopharyngeal closure patterns varied with different tasks: the velum was mainly moved for phonetic parameters, while lateral and posterior pharyngeal wall motion was observed on a large scale for swallowing. Comparison of subject groups revealed that patients with dysarthrias had reduced velar motility, leading to a more frequent hypernasal sound. Here, lateral pharyngeal walls showed a variable motility that in some cases was even more than in healthy subjects. Both groups exhibited qualitatively comparable velopharyngeal closure patterns, but significant differences were proved in their distributions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur weiteren Aufklärung nasopharyngealer Verschlußmechanismen wurde in der aktuellen Untersuchung ein nasovideoendoskopisches Verfahren entwickelt, mit welchem, im Design einer gleichzeitigen Beobachtungsstudie, eine filmische Dokumentation velopharyngealer Bewegungsabläufe von Dysarthriepatienten und Normalpersonen vorgenommen wurde. Durch quantitative Erfassung der jeweiligen Wandexkursion konnte der Verschlußvorgang mit Hilfe eines mathematischen Ansatzes einem im Vorfeld definierten Muster zugeordnet werden. Die erhobenen Daten zeigten eine Zunahme der velopharyngealen Verschlußkraft in der Reihenfolge Resonanten, offene Vokale, forcierte Exspiration, geschlossene Vokale, Konsonanten, Schluckakt. Die phonetische Umgebung eines Lautes interferierte in erster Linie mit der Gaumensegelexkursion, während das Bewegungsausmaß der Seitenwände nur in geringer Weise und das der Hinterwand überhaupt nicht modifiziert wurde. Die Verschlußmuster variierten in Abhängigkeit von der zu erfüllenden Aufgabe; während für phonetische Parameter das Gaumensegel das entscheidende Verschlußmoment darstellte, kam beim Schluckakt den pharyngealen Wandkomponenten eine wesentliche Bedeutung zu. Der Vergleich der Personenkollektive zeigte, daß Dysarthriepatienten kleinere Gaumensegelbewegungen aufwiesen, woraus häufiger ein unvollständiger velopharyngealer Verschluß und ein hypernasaler Stimmklang resultierte. Die Lateralwände zeigten hierbei eine variabel ausgeprägte Wandexkursion, welche die von Normalpersonen z.T. noch übertraf. Bezüglich der Verschlußmuster waren zwischen beiden Gruppen zwar qualitative Ähnlichkeiten festzustellen, jedoch ergaben sich in der Häufigkeitsverteilung bemerkenswerte Unterschiede.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 171-184 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: TiAl, corrosion ; high-temperature ; kinetics ; nitrogen dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxide scale formation on γ-TiAl at 800 and 900°C was studied using high temperature X-ray diffraction as anin situ-method. The experiments were performed in air and in He with 20 vol.% O2. The formation of alumina in the form of α-Al2O3 and of TiO2 in the form of rutile was observed in both atmospheres and the formation of TiN was detected in air. Depending on the atmosphere the diffraction peaks of two different additional phases were detected, which do not exist in any data base nor in the Ti-Al-O phase diagram. One of them, the Z-phase, appears in He with 20 vol.% O2 and the other, the X-phase, in air. The Zphase was also found at room temperature after oxidation at 900°C in air. The growth of both phases, X and Z, starts immediately with the oxidation process and follows the parabolic rate law.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of inherited metabolic disease 20 (1997), S. 186-192 
    ISSN: 1573-2665
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lack of the muscle-specific isoform of AMP deaminase (myoadenylate deaminase deficiency) can cause a metabolic myopathy, with exercise-induced muscle symptoms such as early fatigue, cramps and/or myalgia. It is the most common muscle enzyme defect in man, found in about 2-3% of all muscle biopsies. The genetic basis of the inherited defect is the nonsense mutation C34-T in the AMPD1 gene encoding myoadenylate deaminase. The mutation results in a premature stop of the enzyme synthesis. In a healthy German population, the frequency of the mutant allele was 0.1, and 1 % of this population is expected to be homozygous for the mutation. In people with muscle symptoms, the allele frequency was significantly higher (0.145). The correlation between allele frequency and muscle symptoms underscores the clinical significance of this defect. However, the vast majority of homozygous subjects do not develop a metabolic myopathy. This clinical heterogeneity may be due to molecular genetic factors such as alternative splicing of the exon harbouring the mutation, or due to metabolic conditions such as pathways compensating for the defect. The real basis for the high percentage of asymptomatic homozygous subjects remains to be revealed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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