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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 205 (1997), S. 158-164 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Adulteration ; Carbon-13 ; Citric acid ; Ethanol ; Malic acid ; Tartaric acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The δ13C-values of organic acids and their correlations to those of the sugar and ethanol, respectively, from 57 EU data bank wines of the Rheinpfalz area (years 1991 – 1993) and from some of their corresponding musts have been determined. In addition to the well established difference between fermented sugar and ethanol (Δδ13C = –1.7±0.2‰), a new constant correlation was found in wine for ethanol and citric acid (Δδ13C = +2.4±0.4‰). From this result a fixed δ-value difference for citric acid in wine to the fermented sugar of +0.7±0.6‰ can be deduced. The δ13C-values of L-malic acid and L-tartaric acid in must were not altered by the alcoholic fermentation; they should therefore directly provide access to the δ13C-value of the natural sugar in must. However, in non-adulterated wines the expected δ13C-value differences between these acids and ethanol showed unsatisfactory correlation coefficients. For L-malate this is attributed to the secondary (partial) degradation of this acid by the malolactic fermentation; a corresponding correction is envisaged in order to make L-malate available as an internal standard. As a reason for the unsatisfactory correlation between L-tartaric acid and ethanol, it is supposed that the time of its maximum biosynthesis period does not coincide with that of glucose in the grape ripening period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Inhalationsanästhesie ; Sevofluran ; Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse ; Kostenkontrolle ; Key words Anaesthetics ; Inhalation ; Sevoflurane ; Cost-effectiveness ; Cost control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The economic impact of the new German health care laws requires an awareness of cost-effectiveness when using newer drugs. The main goal in patient care, i.e., effective treatment, must be achieved by the rational use of restricted resources at a maximum degree of effectiveness. Economic aspects of the new inhalational anaesthetics such as sevoflurane are discussed in this article. The cost of inhalational anaesthetic agents accounts for up to 5% of all the running expenses of an anaesthesia department. The consumption and cost of an inhalational agent depend on fresh gas flow, vapour setting, and duration of anaesthesia. Comparing the cost for 1 MAC-h of anaesthesia, desflurane is more expensive at current market prices than sevoflurane and isoflurane. However, at low or minimal fresh-gas flows, the price for one MAC-h is almost the same for these volatile anaesthetics. Total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol is even more expensive, partly due to wastage, i.e., opened ampoules with a remainder of propofol that has to be discarded after each case. When choosing an anaesthetic agent, the price of 1 ml liquid anaesthetic is an important factor. However, the overall cost-effectiveness analysis must balance the cost of the agent with its pharmacodynamic advantages such as more rapid recovery from anaesthesia. Furthermore, the indirect costs of side effects have to be taken into account. For example, nausea and vomiting lead to a prolonged stay in the recovery room after anaesthesia for outpatient surgery, which in turn incurs additional costs for antiemetic drugs and the extra time for nursing care. Therefore, a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting and a more rapid recovery from anaesthesia leading to earlier discharge from the recovery room may compensate for the higher price. Volatile agents account for up to 1% of the total intraoperative costs. In analysing the costs of 1 h of anaesthesia, other products such as plasma substitutes and blood products account for a much higher proportion than anaesthetic agents, and reductions or increases in costs pertaining to these products have a bigger impact on overall costs than do volatile anaesthetics. We conclude that volatile anaesthetics account for only a minor portion of the anaesthesia department budget and the cost of anaesthesia delivery. The higher market price of the new agents may be compensated for by the economic impact of fewer side effects and a shorter post-anaesthesia stay in the hospital. In analysing data for sevoflurane, this agent may be cost-effective, for example, for outpatient anaesthesia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die veränderten ökonomischen Bedingungen aufgrund des Gesundheitsstrukturgesetztes machen Kosten-Effektivitätsanalysen bei der Einführung neuer Medikamente erforderlich. Das Hauptziel der Patientenversorgung, nämlich die effektivste Behandlung, muß unter maximaler Effizienzsteigerung angesichts der beschränkten Ressourcen erreicht werden. Am Beispiel der modernen Inhalationsanästhetika, insbesondere des Sevofluran, werden die für den Anästhesisten ökonomisch relevanten Aspekte dargestellt. Inhalationsanästhetika verursachen nur ca. 5% der Sachkosten einer Anästhesieabteilung. Die Kosten für eine einzelne Inhalationsanästhesie hängen neben den Einkaufskosten für diese Substanzen im wesentlichen von dem Frischgasfluß, der Vaporeinstellung und der Anästhesiedauer ab. Beim Vergleich einer MAC-Stunde ist bei den aktuellen Preisen die Inhalationsanästhesie mit Desfluran teurer als die mit Sevofluran oder Isofluran, wobei sich jedoch unter low- und minimal-flow Bedingungen die Kosten annähern. Die Kosten für das Inhalationsanästhetikum betragen bis zu 1% der intraoperativen Kosten einer Fallpauschale. Andere Faktoren wie z.B. die Personalkosten oder die Sachkosten für Plasmasubstitute oder Blutprodukte sind für höhere Kostenanteile verantwortlich, so daß sich Einsparungen oder Mehrkosten in diesen Bereichen wesentlich stärker auswirken als bei dem Kostenfaktor Inhalationsanästhetikum. Eine Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse am Beispiel der Inhalationsanästhetika muß nicht nur den Einkaufspreis der jeweiligen Substanz, sondern die Gesamtkosten mit einschließen, die durch unterschiedliche Nebenwirkungen oder differente postnarkostisch notwendige Überwachungszeiten bedingt sind. Am Beispiel des Sevofluran kann nach den bisherigen Daten für einige Einsatzgebiete wie z.B. die ambulante Tageschirurgie errechnet werden, daß dieses Inhalationsanästhetikum aufgrund der kürzeren notwendigen Betreuung im Aufwachraum trotz des höheren Einkaufspreises kosteneffektiv ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 149 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A cosmid library of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 strain EDL 933 was constructed and clones carrying the stx2 gene were identified by colony blot hybridization with a stx2B specific probe. Nucleotide sequencing upstream of the stx2A gene revealed high sequence identities of 89.5% to the ileX tRNA gene found in E. coli. The ileX gene was located 260 bp from the translational start codon of stx2A. PCR analysis with primers specific for this analyzed region showed that in 11 Stx2-producing EHEC strains from patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome, all PCR-positive strains carried the ileX tRNA gene. However, PCR analysis of the respective region in 11 Stx1-producing EHEC strains detected no ileX genes. Although the role of ileX in Stx2-producing EHEC strains is not clear, its function in regard to the use of rare codons and as an integration site is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 70 (1997), S. 3455-3457 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report the observation of tunneling induced transparency in asymmetric double quantum well structures. Resonant tunneling through a thin barrier is used to coherently couple the two upper states in a three level system of electronic subbands in a GaAs/AlGaAs structure. This creates Fano-type interferences for the collective intersubband excitations in the absorption from the ground state, analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in atomic systems. We observe a 50% reduction in absorption between the subband resonances which can be explained by taking into account the coherent coupling of the upper states. We analyze the bias dependent absorption spectra and determine the relevant lifetime broadening and dephasing rates for the transitions. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is generally not applicable to thin ( ̃1 μm) films and coatings because of their weak scattering signal in conventional transmission experiments. This restriction can be overcome by working in grazing incidence, with an angle of incidence α slightly above the critical angle of total reflection φc, in order to augment the effective X-ray path in the sample. The possibilities of this technique are demonstrated by preliminary results obtained on glass-like sol-gel coatings containing nano-scaled gold colloids. The scattering of the gold colloids was identified by variations of the X-ray energy near the absorption edge of gold (anomalous SAXS). It showed the theoretically predicted variation of intensity with energy. The recorded scattering spectra were corrected for absorption and refraction effects, whose influences on the spectra are discussed. Calculated size distributions of the colloids from SAXS in grazing incidence were compared with results from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HTEM) investigations and optical UV-visible spectroscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 625-627 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: composite materials ; sol-gel-process ; methacrylate copolymers ; dynamic-mechanical-analysis ; electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sol gel derived composite materials were prepared from methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) and tetraethyleneoxidedimethacrylate (TEGDMA). The amount of MPTS in the composites was varied from 0 to 50 mole%. MPTS was prehydrolyzed at room temperature with 0,1 mole/l HCl/H2O. After complete removal of solvent calculated amounts of TEGDMA were added to the reaction mixture of the prehydrolyzed MPTS. Thermically initiated free radical copolymerization of the methacrylate endgroups was performed in the resulting mixture under nitrogen atmosphere using azobisisobutyronitril (AIBN) as initiator. The composites were investigated by high resolution transmission electronmicroscopy in order to investigate the morphology. The thermomechanical properties as storage, loss modulus, tan δ as well as the glass transition temperature (T g ) of the composites were estimated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 625-627 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: composite materials ; sol-gel-process ; methacrylate copolymers ; dynamic-mechanical-analysis ; electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sol gel derived composite materials were prepared from methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) and tetraethyleneoxidedimethacrylate (TEGDMA). The amount of MPTS in the composites was varied from 0 to 50 mole%. MPTS was prehydrolyzed at room temperature with 0,1 mole/l HCl/H2O. After complete removal of solvent calculated amounts of TEGDMA were added to the reaction mixture of the prehydrolyzed MPTS. Thermically initiated free radical copolymerization of the methacrylate endgroups was performed in the resulting mixture under nitrogen atmosphere using azobisisobutyronitril (AIBN) as initiator. The composites were investigated by high resolution transmission electronmicroscopy in order to investigate the morphology. The thermomechanical properties as storage, loss modulus, tan-as well as the glass transition temperature (T g ) of the composites were estimated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: photochromism ; photochromic coatings ; spirooxazine ; photochromic properties ; mechanical properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The experimental results on the photochromic and mechanical properties of coatings containing 1,3-dihydro-1,3,3-trimethylspiro[2H-indole-2,3′-(3H)-naphth(2,1-b)(1,4) oxazine] (SO) derived from 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), bisphenol A (BPA) and 1-methylimidazole (MI) by sol-gel processing are presented. It is shown that heat treatment temperature is a conflicting factor to the photochromic intensity (Δ A 0), photostability and abrasion resistance of the photochromic coatings. With increasing densification temperature the matrix rigidity increases leading to a decrease of Δ A 0 and at the same time an enhancement of both abrasion resistance and photostability, the optimum heat treatment temperature is 110°C under our experimental conditions. By the use of certain additives, e.g., fluorosilanes (FAS), not only Δ A 0 but also the photostability and the abrasion resistance of the photochromic coatings have been further improved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 927-929 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: organic-inorganic hybrids ; sol-gel ; photochromic performance ; spirooxazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Organic-inorganic hybrid materials synthesized via sol-gel processing are excellent solid matrices for photochromic dyes like spirooxazine, and the photochromic performance can be further enhanced by introducing suitable additives. This work describes the effects of additives on the photochromic intensity (Δ A 0), decolouration rate (k) and photostability of spirooxazine in sol-gel derived organic-inorganic hybrid matrices. They include fluoro-alkylsilane (FAS), bisphenol A (BPA) and methyl-imidazole (MI). FAS enhances both Δ A 0 and photostability, but has little effect on k. The higher the content of BPA, the higher the Δ A 0 and the higher the photostability, but the lower the k. The effect of MI on Δ A 0 and k is not so considerable as that of BPA and is a little complicated, while significant improvement in photostability is achieved by the addition of MI at an optimum concentration with the presence of BPA at a higher content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 1035-1042 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: sol-gel coating ; silver colloids ; UV-VIS spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ag colloid-containing coatings on soda lime glass and fused silica are prepared via the sol-gel process. To incorporate Ag+-ions in the coatings homogeneously, they are stabilized by a functionalised silane (aminosilane) and then mixed with the basic sol prepared from 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). Crack-free and transparent coatings with a thickness of 0.5 to 1.2 μm, are obtained by heat treatment between 120°C and 600°C. The Ag-colloid formation was monitored by UV-VIS spectroscopy as a function of temperature. The investigations reveal that the substrate has a deciding influence on the Ag-colloid formation caused by alkali diffusion from the substrate into the coating. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) investigations prove that poly-crystalline AgxOy-nanoparticles are formed during thermal densification in the coatings and that this change is accompanied by a vanishing of the yellow colour of the coatings. A post-heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere (90% N2, 10% H2) turns back the yellow colour and single-crystalline Ag-colloids can be detected by HRTEM. A suitable choice of the temperature and time conditions allows the control of the colloid size during heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere. For comparison, ion-exchange experiments have been carried out which showed that a spontaneous Ag-colloid formation was achieved in the soda lime substrate at 400°C. Since Ag containing SiO2-coatings remained colourless after thermal treatment between 400°C and 600°C in air, on soda lime substrates, a remarkable diffusion of Ag+ into the substrate was excluded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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