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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduction of the source size of gas-puff z-pinch plasmas using an inductive pulsed power system (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 4438-4444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A small scale inductive pulsed power (IPP) generator with copper wire fuses as an opening switch has been applied to an argon gas-puff z-pinch plasma which can be used as a point source for x-ray lithography. The IPP generator with fuses supplies a driving current of 60 kA in 400 ns to the z-pinch plasma. Without fuses, the generator serves as a conventional fast bank (FB) system which supplies z-pinch current of 60 kA in 4.5 μs. Characteristics of the z-pinch implosions in IPP and FB systems are investigated and compared. The result obtained shows that the intensity of soft x rays emitted from hot spots in both systems is decreased gradually with longer delay time, which is the time difference between energizing a gas-puff actuator and a primary current trigger. Dual axis pinhole imagery shows that the hot spot size is 0.8 mm in diameter in both systems. However, the average radial displacement of hot spots is 0.9 mm in the FB system and it is reduced to 0.4 mm in the IPP system. Optical framing camera images have confirmed that the radial distribution of hot spots is due to kink instability. The framing images also show that the imploding plasma in the FB system which has a pinch size of 2.2 mm in diameter can be further compressed to 1.3 mm. The IPP system can suppress the kink instability of pinch plasma and increases plasma column uniformity along the z axis. This suggests that the IPP system can improve the stability of the pinched plasma so as to minimize the end-on source size for x-ray lithography applications. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1322576
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    No diabetes-associated mutations in the coding region of the hepatocyte nuclear factor-4γ gene (HNF4G) in Japanese patients with MODY (2000)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 43 (2000), S. 1064-1069 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Maturity-onset diabetes of the young ; MODY ; transcription factor ; nuclear receptor ; HNF-4γ ; diabetes mellitus ; insulin ; genetics ; mutation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis. Mutations in the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4α are the cause of one form of maturity-onset diabetes of the young, MODY1. The HNF-4γ is structurally related to HNF-4α and is expressed together with HNF-4α in pancreatic islets. We therefore tested the hypothesis that genetic variation in the HNF-4γ gene (HNF4G) is associated with MODY in Japanese subjects. Methods. We screened the protein coding region of HNF4G (exons 3–11) for mutations in 57 unrelated Japanese subjects with MODY by amplifying each exon and adjacent intron region using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and specific primers and then directly sequencing the PCR products. The frequency of each variant was compared between patients with MODY and a group of non-diabetic subjects. Results. We found ten sequence variants, two of these were located in exons: exon 6, a silent substitution in codon 144, c.432A/G and exon 7, a G-to-A substitution in codon 190 (c.570G/A) resulting in a conservative Met-to-Ile substitution (M/I190) in the putative ligand-binding region of HNF-4γ protein. The remaining eight variants were located in introns. There was no significant difference in the frequency of these polymorphisms between subjects with MODY and non-diabetic control subjects. Conclusion/interpretation. Genetic variation in the coding region of HNF4G is unlikely to be a major cause of MODY in Japanese people. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 1064–1069]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051491
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevation of Nitric Oxide Metabolites in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Moyamoya Disease (2000)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 142 (2000), S. 1275-1280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Keywords: Collateral circulation; intracranial-extracranial bypass surgery; moyamoya disease; nitric oxide.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary  Background. To investigate whether nitric oxide (NO) contributes to formation of abnormal collateral circulation in patients with moyamoya disease.  Methods. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained from the subarachnoid space of the Sylvian fissure during combined bypass surgery for moyamoya disease and kept frozen until NO metabolites, nitrate and nitrite, were measured using a Griess method.  Results. Compared with control CSF obtained from 18 patients with hemifacial spasm, unruptured aneurysm, etc., concentrations of NO metabolites in 26 CSF samples of 18 patients with moyamoya disease were significantly higher (mean±SE; 17.6±1.2 vs. 10.5±1.0 μM, p〈0.01). In eight patients, the CSF samples from both the first and second operation could be obtained. NO metabolite concentrations (20.5±2.3 μM) in CSF obtained from the first surgery decreased to 15.7±1.8 μM (p〈0.01) in CSF obtained from the second, contralateral procedure. The cases of moyamoya disease with greater development of moyamoya vessels at angiographic stage 3 and 4 tended to show higher concentrations of NO metabolites than cases at earlier or later stages with a few moyamoya vessels.  Interpretation. Nitric oxide concentrations in CSF are chronically elevated in moyamoya disease, probably reflecting development of abnormal collateral circulation. i.e. moyamoya vessels. Vascular bypass surgery can reduce abnormal collateral circulation with reduced production of nitric oxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007010070025
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spinal cartilaginous meningioma in a child: a case report (2000)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 16 (2000), S. 80-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Chondroblastic ; Spinal meningioma ; Child
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Cartilage-containing meningiomas are extremely uncommon, and such tumors located in the spinal cord of a child have not previously been reported. We describe a case of cartilaginous spinal meningioma in a 13-year-old girl. The tumor lacked typical histopathological features of meningioma on light microscopic examination, and the final diagnosis was possible only after an extensive study by electron microscopic examination. The case is evaluated with a focus on differential diagnosis and review of the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00007284
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the significance of the measurement of acceleration with respect to lateral laxity of the anterior cruciate ligament insufficient knee (2000)
    Springer
    International orthopaedics 24 (2000), S. 276-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5195
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé   A partir d’une évaluation dynamique de l’instabilité de genoux atteints d’insuffisance du ligament croisé antérieur (LCA), nous avons tenté de déterminer la relation entre l’apparition de l’arthrose du genou et l’insuffisance du LCA. Notre étude a porté sur 40 patients (80 genoux) devant subir une opération de reconstruction du LCA et 25 patients (25 genoux) après l’opération de reconstruction du LCA. Des détecteurs d’accélération ont été placé sur la tubérosité tibiale antérieure. Les pics d’accélération latérale suivant immédiatement le contact au sol du talon étaient significativement plus élevés chez les patients avec un genou atteint d’insuffisance du LCA que chez les patients normaux. Il est également apparu que les pics d’accélération latérale étaient significativement plus élevés dans les cas ou le délai après l’altération du LCA étaient de 3 ans ou plus que dans les cas ou cette période était inférieure à 3 ans. L’opération de reconstruction a permis une diminution significative des pics d’accélération au point que ceux-ci ne présentaient aucune différence significative avec ceux enregistrés avec les genoux normaux.
    Notes: Abstract  The purpose of this study was to assess dynamically the lateral thrust of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insufficient knees, and from the findings determine any relationship between ACL insufficiency and the later development of osteoarthritis (OA). We investigated 80 knees in 40 patients awaiting ACL reconstruction and 25 knees of 25 patients, which had undergone ACL reconstruction. An acceleration sensor was fixed to the anterior tibial tubercle and this ’acted’ in two directions – medial lateral and perpendicular. The peak value of the lateral acceleration immediately after heel strike was significantly greater in the ACL insufficient knees when compared to their opposite normal knees. When the periods from injury were compared, the lateral thrust of the injured side after 3 years or more was significantly greater than in the first 3 years. There was no significant difference between the normal knees and the ACL reconstructed knees. The results indicated that the lateral acceleration peak value was significantly greater in the ACL insufficient knees than in their opposite normal knees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002640000171
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of nanometer-sized hematite single crystals through NAC-FAS method (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 35 (2000), S. 943-949 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Nanometer-sized spherical hematite single crystals were prepared by heating the precipitate which was synthesized from Fe(OH)(CH3COO)2 and NaOH in alkaline ethanol-water solutions without the deliberate addition of surfactants or adsorbing ligands. Hematite nanocrystals (5–10 nm in diameter) and ferrihydrite (〈5 nm) were obtained from the mixture of H2O/EtOH (Rs) = 100 ml/100 ml as a initial medium, whereas goethite, hematite (20–40 nm), and ferrihydrite were precipitated at Rs = 200/0. Adsorbing ligands such as acetoxy groups and ethanol on particles retarded the hematite growth and goethite formation. TEM observation of the particles prepared at Rs = 100/100 with heat treatment at 400°C for 2 hours showed them consisting of single spherical hematite crystals 22 nm in mean diameter with narrow size distribution. Various individual effects were investigated for their contributions to crystal structure and size of precipitates; they included NaOH to Fe(OH)(CH3COO)2 ratio, solvent, dropping rate of alkaline solution, and aging time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004710810785
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of Photosynthetic Bacteria in Anisotropic Rigid Matrix and in Suspension (2000)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 38 (2000), S. 251-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: Anabaena variabilis ; cyanobacteria ; fluorescence microscope photographs ; orientation ; polarized spectra ; polyvinyl alcohol film ; purple bacteria ; radiation scattering ; Rhodospirillum rubrum ; Synechococcus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic bacteria (Rhodospirillum rubrum, Synechococcus and Anabaena variabilis) as well as their fragments embedded in isotropic and anisotropic polymer film were investigated. The orientation of photosynthetic pigments inside these organisms was compared, on the basis of the polarised absorption and fluorescence spectra, with the macroscopic orientation of investigated objects seen under microscope. The anisotropy of fluorescence was much higher than anisotropy of absorption. It showed strong influence of the photoselection by polarised radiation on the various bacterial chromophores exhibiting different orientations in the cells and various yields of fluorescence. The dimensions of cells were investigated on the basis of their photographs and by the scattering of the monochromatic radiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007278100996
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarized Photoacoustic Spectra of the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus Oriented in Polymer Film (2000)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 38 (2000), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: biliproteins ; carotenoids ; chlorophyll ; polyvinyl alcohol films ; transition moment orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photoacoustic spectra (PAS) were obtained for the cyanobacterium Synechococcus (Anacystis nidulans) cells embedded in isotropic and stretched polyvinyl alcohol films. The polarized radiation with the electric vector changing in 30° intervals with respect to given direction in a sample plane was used. Two cyanobacterium strains, one with very low biliprotein content, second with normal amount of biliproteins were investigated. The polarized absorption and fluorescence spectra were also measured. Conclusions were drawn about the thermal deactivation occurring in differently oriented pools of chromophores and about mutual orientation of their transition moments. Thermal deactivation in carotenoids (Cars) of both strains was different. The ratio of Car thermal deactivation to the thermal deactivation of chlorophyll (Chl) was higher in cyanobacteria with lower content of biliproteins than in the strain with normal amount of these complexes. Hence biliproteins can play the role in excitation energy transfer from Cars to Chls. For complex biological samples, polarized PAS can be a more sensitive method to investigate the directions of the absorption transition moments than the widely used polarized absorption spectra.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007230217834
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