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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The suppression of rat collagen-induced arthritis and inhibition of macrophage derived mediator release by liposomal methotrexate formulations (2000)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 49 (2000), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Keywords: Key words: Arthritis — Interleukin-1β— Macrophage — Prostaglandin E2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Objective and Design: This study was designed to determine whether liposomes are suitable vehicles for the delivery of methotrexate (MTX-γ-DMPE) for arthritis therapy.¶Material or Subjects: Liposomal formulations containing either egg lecithin (EPC), cholesterol (CHOL) and phosphatidic acid (PA) (MTX-EPC) or distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), CHOL and distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine conjugated to polyethyleneglycol (PEG) (MTX-PEG) were employed. Rat peritoneal macrophages (rPMφ) were used to test the mechanism of action of these liposomes in vitro, whilst, the rat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model was used to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of MTX-EPC and MTX-PEG.¶Treatment: In vitro, rPMφ were incubated with liposomal MTX concentrations ranging from 0 to 15 μg/well. In vivo, rats were given 4 daily intravenous injections of liposomal MTX (2.5 mg/Kg).¶Methods: IL-1β and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) release from rPMφ were quantified by immunoradiometric assay. Arthritis progression, in vivo, was measured by serial clinical score and hind paw diameter measurements.¶Results: MTX-EPC and MTX-PEG respectively (15 μg of MTX and 0.15 mg of lipid) were powerful inhibitors of both IL-1β (77 ± 2.3%; 79 ± 4.0%) and PGE2 (75.5 ± 4.9%; 68.5 ± 2.3%) release (mean ± SEM % inhibition) from lipopolysaccaride stimulated rPMφ. In vivo, only MTX-EPC exerted an anti-inflammatory effect, clinical score (p 〈 0.001) and paw diameter (p 〈 0.001) measurements being significantly lower than in control rats, after 2 days treatment.¶Conclusions: MTX-EPC and MTX-PEG are potent inhibitors of pro-inflammatory mediators in vitro, but liposomes with long circulation times do not appear to have therapeutic potential for treating arthritis in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000110050575
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What can we learn from traceability in physical measurements? (2000)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 5 (2000), S. 414-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Traceability ; Physical measurements ; Chemical measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  An international system for providing traceability for the results from physical measurements has been under continuous development since the introduction of the Convention of the Metre over 100 years ago. Such a system has only been in existence for chemical measurements for about a decade and there is much that can be learnt from the way in which traceability has developed in physical measurements that will help its development for chemical measurements. First a number of myths that have grown up about the differences between these are examined. This is followed by a description of examples from physical measurements, which have important lessons for the ways in which traceability for the results of chemical measurements can be established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690000218
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Legislative limits below detection capability1 (2000)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 5 (2000), S. 308-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Detection limit ; Compliance ; Regulation ; Paper and pulp mills
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  A study of contaminant emission data collected for paper and pulp mills in the United Kingdom over a 1-year period is presented. For most sites and analytes, the data could not demonstrate positive compliance with absolute emission limits to water in the 1 g range in large (million tonne) effluent streams, even though some sites were apparently removing contaminants from their water supply. The implications are discussed, with particular reference to the implications of results quoted at 'detection limits' or 'reporting limits'.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690000183
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EURACHEM – the first 10 years (2000)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 5 (2000), S. 121-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words EURACHEM ; History of EURACHEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  Part 1 of the history of EURACHEM deals with the development of the initial idea and the early consultations within Europe that led to the definition of its aims and objectives, culminating in its formal establishment in July 1989. This was followed by the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding by 16 countries at the end of 1990. Part 2 describes the subsequent developments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00010421
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EURACHEM – the first 10 years (2000)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 5 (2000), S. 153-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  Part 1 covered the early development of EURACHEM and its formal establishment in July 1989. Part 2 covers the subsequent activities, describes the global developments that followed from initiatives taken by EURACHEM and also gives a description of the EURACHEM work programme including the workshops and seminars that have been organised and the EURACHEM guides that have been published.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690050435
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elderly lifestyles in the 21st century: Doris and Sid's excellent adventure (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of communication 50 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2466
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02849.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiology The ACE gene and muscle performance (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 403 (2000), S. 614-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Angiotensin-converting enzyme in human skeletal muscle can be encoded by either of two variants of the ACE gene, one of which carries an insertion of 287 base pairs. This longer allele gives rise to lower enzyme activity, and is associated with enhanced endurance performance and an anabolic ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35001141
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigating preferential flow in a large intact soil block under pasture (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 16 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A large soil block was constructed to determine the importance of preferential flow routes compared with matric flow pathways at a pasture site in mid-Devon. The sandy loam soil was well structured and uniform. The soil block measured 5 m×3 m×1 m and was instrumented with an array of 54 tensiometers, TDR wave guides and suction samplers connected to an in situ chloride analysis system. Four steady state irrigation experiments were conducted with a range of rainfall intensities. During each experiment chloride and nitrate tracers were applied and the patterns of movement were observed. Although the application of tracer was uniform and the soil was relatively homogeneous, there was large variability across the block in terms of time taken to reach the peak concentration (TPC) and the peak concentration itself. About 44 samplers operated at the greatest intensities (10–2 mm h−1) and only 35 at the smallest (1 mm h−1). No relationship was found between TPC and depth. The fastest TPC and largest concentrations were associated with the greatest rainfall intensities. Relative importance of the individual water pathways was a function of soil heterogeneity: parts of the soil block were highly active with several pathways having short TPCs and conductivities in excess of 4 m day−1 whereas other areas had longer TPCs and conductivities of 1–2 m day−1. The pattern was also dynamic, with conductivities of the pathways changing through time, though most of the faster pathways maintained their greater conductivities for more than one year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2000.tb00207.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systemic lupus erythematosus with C1q deficiency (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 142 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We report a case of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with C1q deficiency. Our patient presented at the age of 6 years with cutaneous lupus. She later developed Raynaud’s phenomenon, non-scarring alopecia, oral ulceration and grand mal seizures due to cerebral vasculitis. Complement C3 and C4 levels were consistently normal during flares of her lupus and haemolytic activity of her complement was absent, suggesting a deficiency of an early component of the complement cascade. No C1q could be detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03369.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adjusting to ‘the home’: dialectical dilemmas and personal relationships in a retirement community (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of communication 50 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2466
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: This paper reports and discusses a study undertaken at a West Coast U.S. retirement community. Fifteen able elderly residents were interviewed about their personal relationships and communication with peers, family, and younger people. The paper examines how the residents' discourse reveals a number of dialectical contradictions that elders who choose the retirement community lifestyle may need to manage in order to facilitate adjustment. Among the dialectical contradictions discussed here is the difficulty of managing issues of autonomy versus connection with the family network on the one hand and the retirement community on the other. This is a particularly salient issue, given the dominance of dependency-related stereotypes associated with such communities and those who choose to reside in them. This paper also looks at the contradictory dialectical pushes and pulls of connection and autonomy with respect to peer and friendship networks within the community. In this regard, our data illustrate residents' attempts to manage stresses that ill health and frailty place on relationships. In some senses, the elders interviewed, especially frail elders, positively disassociated themselves from some peers, while seeking to form and maintain satisfactory relationships with other peers, some of whom were in ill health. These issues are discussed with respect to retirement community living as a lifestyle choice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02853.x
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