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  • 2000-2004  (7)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1900-1904
  • 2002  (2)
  • 2000  (5)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alverine citrate fails to relieve the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 16 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : Alverine citrate has been used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome for many years.Aims : To compare the efficacy and safety of a new formulation of alverine citrate, a 120-mg capsule, with placebo given three times daily for 12 weeks.Methods : One hundred and seven patients with irritable bowel syndrome were entered into this three-centre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial. The primary end-point was relief of abdominal pain indicated by improvement in the scores for severity and frequency. Secondary efficacy variables included scores for other clinical symptoms and for overall well-being.Results : The severity and frequency of abdominal pain improved in 66% and 68% of patients treated with alverine citrate vs. 58% and 69% of the placebo group, but these differences were not significant. The mean percentage reduction in the scores for abdominal pain from baseline to the final assessment, although greater in the alverine citrate group (43.7%) compared with the placebo group (33.3%), was not statistically significant.Conclusions : Alverine citrate is no better than placebo at relieving the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Future trials should be designed to take into account the high and persistent placebo response seen in this condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01277.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    “Living high − training low” altitude training improves sea level performance in male and female élite runners (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 12 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Acclimatization to moderate high altitude accompanied by training at low altitude (living high–training low) has been shown to improve sea level endurance performance in accomplished, but not élite, runners. Whether élite athletes, who may be closer to the maximal structural and functional adaptive capacity of the respiratory (i.e. oxygen transport from environment to mitochondria) system, may achieve similar performance gains is unclear. To answer this question, we studied 14 élite men and eight élite women before and after 27 days of living at 2500 m while performing high-intensity training at 1250 m. The altitude sojourn began 1 week after the USA Track and Field National Championships, when the athletes were close to their season's fitness peak. Sea level 3000-m time trial performance was significantly improved by 1.1% (95% confidence limits 0.3–1.9%). One-third of the athletes achieved personal best times for the distance after the altitude training camp. The improvement in running performance was accompanied by a 3% improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (72.1 ± 1.5–74.4 ± 1.5 ml kg− 1 min− 1). Circulating erythropoietin levels were near double initial sea level values 20 h after ascent (8.5 ± 0.5–16.2 ± 1.0 IU ml−1). Soluble transferrin receptor levels were significantly elevated on the 19th day at altitude, confirming a stimulation of erythropoiesis (2.1 ± 0.7–2.5 ± 0.6 μ g ml-1). Hb concentration measured at sea level increased 1 g dl−1 over the course of the camp (13.3 ± 0.2–14.3 ± 0.2 g dl−1). We conclude that 4 weeks of acclimatization to moderate altitude, accompanied by high-intensity training at low altitude, improves sea level endurance performance even in élite runners. Both the mechanism and magnitude of the effect appear similar to that observed in less accomplished runners, even for athletes who may have achieved near maximal oxygen transport capacity for humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.120111_1.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nail dystrophy in association with polydactyly and benign familial hypercalcaemia (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 25 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2000.00630.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity to chemically diverse phagostimulants in a single gustatory neuron of a polyphagous caterpillar (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 186 (2000), S. 13-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Catalpol ; Grammia ; Gustation ; Iridoid glycoside ; Phagostimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Caterpillars of the arctiid moth, Grammia geneura, are polyphagous, but species of Plantago are amongst their preferred food plants. A neuron in the medial styloconic sensillum on the galea has been shown to have a general phagostimulatory function. Experiments with binary mixtures and cross-adaptation have demonstrated that it responds to some sugars, to several amino acids, and also to catalpol. Catalpol is a plant secondary compound in Plantago and a phagostimulant for the caterpillars. The possible significance of combining sensitivity to nutrient compounds with sensitivity to a secondary compound is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050002
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Herbicide Spray Drift Odor: Measurement and Toxicological Significance (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 38 (2000), S. 390-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The toxicological significance of exposure of members of the public to spray drift odors of four herbicide formulations (three 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic [2,4-D] acid derivatives and one MCPA [4-methyl-2-chlorophenoxyacetic acid] derivative) has been studied using a combination of novel odor measurement and classic residue analysis techniques. The mean odor concentrations, generated during the spraying of the commercial herbicide formulations under simulated aerial application conditions, were about twofold higher for 2,4-D ethylhexyl ester (22,500 OUc/m3) and MCPA (30,100 OUc/m3) than for 2,4-D butyl ester (12,400 OUc/m3) and 2,4-D amine (11,800 OUc/m3). Detailed investigations determined that the odors are due to trace manufacturing impurities and additives in the commercial formulations, whereas the herbicide active ingredients are odorless. Measured airborne herbicide active ingredient concentrations under the simulated aerial application conditions were all below their respective occupational safety and health TLV-TWA values, indicating that exposures of toxicological significance as a result of spray drift are unlikely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449910052
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population structure of the wreckfish Polyprion americanus determined with microsatellite genetic markers (2000)
    Springer
    Marine biology 137 (2000), S. 1077-1090 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We examined population structure in the wreckfish, Polyprion americanus, by assaying six microsatellite loci in 422 individuals collected throughout the geographic range. Eighteen hapuku, P. oxygeneios, were assayed at the same loci for use as an outgroup. Expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.49 to 0.88 and averaged 0.66. Allele-frequency distributions at those loci indicated that samples from the eastern North Atlantic, western North Atlantic and the Mediterranean were genetically similar, confirming the pattern seen in a previous analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Both mtDNA and microsatellite studies differentiated northern and southern wreckfish stocks. However, in contrast to the mtDNA studies, allelic variation at microsatellite loci clearly differentiated wreckfish from two Southern Hemisphere locations, Brazil and the South Pacific. Far more genetic variation was observed at microsatellite loci than with mtDNA RFLPs (haplotype diversity averaged 0.01), and we saw more evidence of population structure with the microsatellite loci. The differentiation between southern and northern wreckfish supports the distribution records, which indicate that wreckfish do not occur in the tropics. Temperature profiles and current patterns throughout the southern oceans apparently also prevent significant gene flow between the South Pacific and Brazilian samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270000392
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taste Sensitivity of Insect Herbivores to Deterrents is Greater in Specialists Than in Generalists: A Behavioral Test of the Hypothesis with Two Closely Related Caterpillars (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 547-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis virescens ; Heliothis subflexa ; caterpillar ; diet breadth ; deterrent compound ; feeding behavior ; postingestive toxicity ; plant secondary metabolite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sensitivity of caterpillars of Heliothis virescens, a generalist, and H. subflexa, a specialist, to eight different plant secondary compounds was examined behaviorally. The compounds were nicotine hydrogen tartrate, hordenine, caffeine, sinigrin, linamarin, arbutin, chlorogenic acid, and salicin. All compounds deterred feeding, at least at the higher concentrations, but the generalist was less affected than the specialist. Thus the hypothesis that specialists have greater sensitivity to deterrents than generalists was supported. In most cases deterrence occurred on first encounter, indicating that the response was sensory; in some cases short-term postingestive effects also appeared to play a role. The larger quantities of deterrent-containing food ingested by H. virescens sometimes resulted in measurable postingestive effects during the second control test. This did not occur in H. subflexa, which more commonly rejected the deterrent-containing food on first contact. The contrast between the species is discussed in relation to tradeoffs involved in different diet breadths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005430010314
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