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Notes: Through the principal use of the reduced magnetohydrodynamic version of the finite aspect ratio code [L. A. Charlton et al., J. Comput. Phys. 86, 270 (1990)], an m/n=1/1 resistive kink mode was poloidally rotated with the accompanying rotational shear. It was observed that the growth rate of this unstable mode can either decrease or increase as the applied equilibrium rotation is increased to near poloidal sonic speeds. Shear in the poloidal rotation profile is stabilizing, but only if the destabilizing effects of bulk rotation can be overcome. Therefore, the mode's stability was sensitive to the location of the rotation's peak relative to the eigenmode's spatial extent. The destabilizing effects of bulk rotation are apparently a rotationally enhanced beta, and the stabilizing effects appear to be caused by exceeding a critical rotational shear spatially averaged over the eigenmode structure. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: The effects of externally imposed and self-generated poloidal flows on turbulence and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activity are examined in the context of the possible Electric Tokamak (ET) [Phys. Plasmas 6, 4722 (1999)] plasmas and (circularized) DIII-D-like [Fusion Technol. 8, 441 (1985)] discharges. Global gyrokinetic particle simulations and reduced MHD calculations respectively show that ion temperature gradient driven turbulence (ITGDT) and resistive internal kink MHD activity can be reduced and/or suppressed with experimentally achievable externally imposed flows for possible ET start-up plasmas. Global gyrokinetic particle simulations of ITGDT also serve to demonstrate that self-generated flows are necessary to yield experimentally relevant radial correlation lengths in the case of DIII-D-like discharges. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: Abstract: Activities of enzyme markers of subcellular organelles have been measured in brain tissue from subjects with Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) and Huntington's disease (HD). Significant increases in the activity of the lysosomal enzyme β-glucuronidase were observed in both ATD temporal cortex and HD putamen. It is suggested that β-glucuronidase activity may be a useful biochemical indicator of cellular damage in the CNS. A significant reduction in neutral α-glucosidase activity was observed in ATD temporal cortex and HD putamen. This change may reflect an alteration in glycoconjugate processing and may relate to the susceptibility of neurones to the degenerative processes of ATD and HD.

Notes: 1. Two acidic peatland upland streams in north-east Scotland draining catchments of 1.3 and 41.4 km2 were sampled each season for 2 years to investigate diurnal variations in dissolved and gaseous forms of carbon. Stream metabolism, alkalinity, discharge, pH, air and water temperatures were measured to aid data interpretation.2. Free CO2 showed marked diurnal variation with lowest concentrations during the period from late morning to early afternoon and highest during the hours of darkness. Although alkalinity and pH also showed some diurnal fluctuations, in comparison with other more productive alkaline systems, variation was small. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) showed no significant diurnal pattern. However, significant changes in stream discharge influenced DOC concentrations, as well as over-riding diurnal patterns of free CO2, alkalinity and pH.3. The highest diurnal ratios (maximum concentration/minimum concentration) in CO2, gross primary productivity (GPP) and community respiration (CR) occurred in spring and summer and the lowest in autumn and winter. Variation in biotic in-stream processes caused changes in CO2 concentrations and temperature affected both the solubility of CO2 and changes in up-stream CO2 inputs. There was no significant difference in diurnal fluctuations between the two orders of stream studied.4. The mean GPP (as CO2) was 0.81 g CO2 m−2 day−1 and mean CR 2.67 g CO2 m−2 day−1. The mean primary production/respiration (P/R) ratio was 0.26 ± 0.09 and 0.33 ± 0.15 in the first and second order streams, respectively. These values are low compared with published data because these heterotrophic headwater streams are dominated by benthic respiration and upstream allochthonous inputs with little autotrophic metabolism, particularly during the colder autumn and winter months.5. The results have implications for the calculation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) fluxes in streamwater. Samples taken during daylight hours tend to have lower concentrations of free CO2 and HCO3− than samples taken during darkness. During spring, concentrations of free CO2 were measured up to 2.4 (annual mean 1.8) times higher at night than during the day at a similar discharge. It is suggested that fluxes based on daytime measurements alone will under-estimate the annual flux of these determinands in streamwater by as much as 40%.

Notes: Particle dynamics and field behavior associated with a perpendicular collisionless supercritical and viscous shock are investigated by use of numerical simulation. A one-dimensional, relativistic, fully electromagnetic and nonperiodic particle simulation code (for both electrons and ions) is used where self-consistent space-charge effects and induced effects are totally included. The principal field patterns of the shock (trailing wave train, ramp, and foot region) are studied in detail and are shown to have scale lengths mainly dictated by ion dynamics; the behavior of the corresponding plasma currents associated with the different field components is also presented. Ions are shown to suffer successive "acceleration–trapping–detrapping'' at the shock front, and locally in the trailing wave train of the downstream region through combined effects of the electrostatic and magnetic fields. While detrapped, the reflected ions describe very large Larmor orbits and cause a ring distribution; a large rapid nonstochastic ion heating results from this ion gyration. This heating (resistivity-free) is the main source of dissipation and is responsible for large field damping. Competitive effects such as particle stochasticity, particle trapping, wave damping, wave overtaking, and dispersion effects are shown to interact with each other and to affect the overall dissipation mechanism. Comparison with previous works is also discussed. Various Mach number situations are considered, leading to the definition of a transitory regime between subcritical and supercritical regimes and of a corresponding critical threshold of the electrostatic field. In contrast with the supercritical regime, the subcritical regime is characterized by a low density of trapped-reflected ions, a broad ion distribution function with a weak tail, and a weak adiabatic bulk ion heating.

Notes: The behavior of strong magnetosonic waves propagating perpendicular to a static field B0 is investigated within the frequency range ωci〈ω〈ωlh; ωci,ω, and ωlh are, respectively, the ion cyclotron, the pump wave, and the lower-hybrid frequencies. A one-dimensional, relativistic, fully electromagnetic, particle simulation code (for both electrons and ions) is used, where self-consistent effects are totally included. During the buildup phase, a longitudinal electric field develops and attains a nonlinear level which strongly distorts its shape so that many harmonics are produced. This is followed shortly by ion trapping, which simultaneously enhances the wave overtaking (the wave crests overtaking the wave troughs) and produced a strong wave damping. A very large ion acceleration accompanied by a strong heating (mainly nonstochastic) perpendicular to B0 results; the electrons exhibit only poor heating associated with their adiabatic compression. The dynamics of both particle species, the consequences of the wave–particle energy transfer and the particle viscosities, are studied in detail. Competitive and self-consistent effects such as space-charge effects, wave overtaking, ion trapping, and wave damping are investigated and compared with previous models; the mechanisms by which these various phenomena interact on each other are analyzed. Characteristics of nonstochastic and stochastic ion heating are also discussed. Our computations show that if sufficient intensity is reached, one is not constrained to use lower-hybrid waves or cyclotron harmonic waves to heat a plasma efficiently and that any frequency below ωlh can be used.

Notes: Electron and ion dynamics are investigated through particle simulation of a supercritical oblique collisionless shock. As θ deviates from 90°, ions are accelerated and trapped in the electrostatic wells and later become detrapped; this results in strong ion heating perpendicular to B0. Below a critical angle θte electrons are strongly energized along B0, and heated. A large parallel electron current builds up and induces new transverse electromagnetic components in the ramp of the shock. For weaker angles, ion heating vanishes below a second critical angle θti.

Notes: The parametric dependence of the growth rate of the low-frequency hot-electron interchange mode is studied with a two-and-a-half-dimensional relativistic electromagnetic particle code that models the geometry of a bumpy torus. The simulation results are compared in detail with finite-Larmor-radius theory, as well as zero-Larmor-radius theory. For the long-wavelength modes, the growth rates measured in the simulations tend to agree with those predicted from zero-Larmor-radius theory. For short-wavelength modes, the stabilizing effects of finite Larmor radius are significant.

Notes: Acceleration of both electrons and ions to relativistic energy by large amplitude magnetosonic waves is investigated by use of numerical simulation. Nonlinear effects are shown to form the saturation mechanism and limit the amplitude below the level where a particle specie can undergo unlimited acceleration, which is expected theoretically. Spiky structures appear both in density and field waveforms that are characteristics of the relativistic regime. Both electrons and ions are strongly accelerated by Elx×Bz drift and Ety field, but their resonance features versus fields are strongly different. Around the trapping time, relativistic electron solitonlike wavelets are triggered from the main wave ramp; a few mechanisms are proposed for their interpretation. Both electrons and ions are strongly heated at the expense of the wave energy. This damping in association with the large space charge effects resulting from the spiky structures is the origin of some observed saturation level in the field energy.

Notes: Electron instabilities of magnetized spherical shell distributions in velocity space with a colder Maxwellian background are investigated analytically with simulations using electrostatic particle codes. The resonant and nonresonant instabilities observed in the particle simulations are in agreement with zeros of the dielectric function, as found from the resonant approximation for waves with an electric field component along the magnetic field or by computation with a root solver code in the case of perpendicular propagation. Saturation of the instabilities is by nonlinear cyclotron resonance with the cold background in the resonant case or by nonstochastic cyclotron harmonic damping by the cold background in the nonresonant case. Instabilities invariably lead to perpendicular acceleration and heating of the cold background to velocities sometimes exceeding the shell velocity.