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  • 1
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Glutamatergic mechanisms have been investigated in postmortem brain samples from schizophrenics and controls. D-[3H]Aspartate binding to glutamate uptake sites was used as a marker for glutamatergic neurones, and [3H]kainate binding for a subclass of postsynaptic glutamate receptors. There were highly significant increases in the binding of both ligands to membranes from orbital frontal cortex on both the left and right sides of schizophrenic brains. The changes are unlikely to be due to antemortem neuroleptic drug treatment, because no similar changes were recorded in other areas. A predicted left-sided reduction in D-[3H]aspartate binding was refuted at 5% probability, but not at 10%. Previously reported high concentrations of dopamine in left amygdala were strongly associated with low concentrations of D-[3H]aspartate binding in left polar temporal cortex in the schizophrenics. The findings are compatible with an overabundant glutamatergic innervation of orbital frontal cortex in schizophrenia. The results also suggest that schizophrenia may involve left-sided abnormalities in the relationship between temporal glutamatergic and dopaminergic projections to amygdala.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Activities of enzyme markers of subcellular organelles have been measured in brain tissue from subjects with Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) and Huntington's disease (HD). Significant increases in the activity of the lysosomal enzyme β-glucuronidase were observed in both ATD temporal cortex and HD putamen. It is suggested that β-glucuronidase activity may be a useful biochemical indicator of cellular damage in the CNS. A significant reduction in neutral α-glucosidase activity was observed in ATD temporal cortex and HD putamen. This change may reflect an alteration in glycoconjugate processing and may relate to the susceptibility of neurones to the degenerative processes of ATD and HD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 64 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-associated dementia is a frequent consequence of HIV infection and is associated with neuronal deficits. Increased concentrations of the kynurenine pathway metabolites 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and quinolinic acid (QA) may contribute to this neuronal damage. We measured 3-HK concentrations and the activity of its catabolising enzyme, 3-hydroxykynureninase, in postmortem brain tissue from eight controls and 32 HIV-positive patients, including a group that exhibited dementia. 3-HK concentrations were significantly increased (over threefold) in the HIV-positive group when compared with controls. This increase was greater in those patients with dementia, but it was still apparent in the nondemented cases. 3-Hydroxykynureninase activity was significantly increased in the HIV-infected group compared with the control values. The effect was apparent in both nondementia and dementia cases, although the latter showed a slightly greater increase. The 3-HK content increase is thus unrelated to a reduction in activity of this enzyme and is likely to reflect an overall increase in the kynurenic metabolic pathway. Elevated levels of the neurotoxin 3-HK may contribute to the neuronal deficits underlying HIV-associated dementia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 43 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Soluble proline endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) activity was measured by a fluorometric assay in eight human brain areas (caudate nucleus, lateral globus pallidus, medial globus pallidus, substantia nigrazona compacta, substantia nigra-zona reticulata, frontal cortex-Brodmann area 10, temporal cortex-Brodmann area 38, and hippocampus), in 10 control and 10 Huntington's disease brains. An abnormally low activity (22% of control activity) was found in the caudate nucleus of Huntington's disease brains; significantly decreased activity was also detected in the lateral globus pallidus and medial globus pallidus (37% and 40% of control, respectively).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 34 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The present study investigated the effects of excitotoxic lesions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) on dopamine (DA) and excitatory amino acid (EAA) function in the nucleus accumbens core using in vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats. As a postsynaptic marker of neuronal function, the nuclear levels of the transcriptional factor CREB and its active phosphorylated form, CREB-P, were measured in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and in the core and shell subregions of the nucleus accumbens of sham and lesioned animals. PFC-lesioned animals exhibited a greater locomotor response to novelty and amphetamine administration (125–500 μg/kg i.v.). No change was observed in extracellular levels of glutamate or saturable d-aspartate binding (a marker for the high-affinity EAA transporter) in the nucleus accumbens of PFC-lesioned animals. Extracellular levels of DA were comparable in sham and lesioned animals under tonic conditions, however, following amphetamine administration, DA efflux was significantly attenuated in lesioned animals. No correlation was observed between microdialysate levels of amino acids and the attenuated dopaminergic response to amphetamine in lesioned animals. Further, no effect of the lesion was found on nuclear CREB protein in saline- and amphetamine-treated rats. The density of CREB-P immunoreactive nuclei, while remaining unchanged in the VTA, increased in the nucleus accumbens shell following amphetamine treatment in lesioned animals. The results show that an important modulatory role of the PFC on the behavioural response to novelty and amphetamine is associated with the level of immediate-early gene regulation rather than levels of extracellular DA and amino acids in the ventral striatum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Brain banking ; post mortem research ; schizophrenia ; affective disorders ; European consensus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sophisticated analysis of and growing information on the human brain requires that acquisition, dissection, storage and distribution of rare material are managed in a professional way. In this publication we present the consensus of the European work group 〉European Dementia and Schizophrenia Network〈, granted by the BIOMED I project of the EU, on minimal neuropathological and clinical requirements to include brains of patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders in post mortem studies. The description of clinical prerequisites in different EU countries and institutions is followed by a consensus on tissue handling, a consensus on minimal neuropathological criteria and a consensus on minimal clinical diagnostic criteria including clinical vignette, family, social, educational/professional and general medical histories, general physical history including neurostatus, neurological, psychiatric, medication and general pathological histories, psychostatus, laboratory tests and a history provided by family/health care giver questionaire. This publication should give help to interconnect different European brain bank centers on a basis of standarized protocols.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Huntington's disease ; tryptophan/kynurenine metabolism ; post mortem brain ; HPLC-electrochemical detection ; 3-hydroxykynureninase ; kynurenine aminotransferase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous reports have indicated abnormalities in the concentrations of metabolites of the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway in the brain in Huntington's disease. These have included an increase in 3-hydroxykynurenine and both increases and decreases in kynurenic acid. The activities of two enzymes involved in the metabolism of these compounds, 3-hydroxykynureninase and kynurenine aminotransferase, have been determined in post mortem brain tissue taken from Huntington's disease patients and control subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 77 (1989), S. 227-230 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Dopamine ; uptake complex ; schizophrenia ; asymmetry ; human brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Specific [3H] GBR 12935 binding was performed on striatal tissue (caudate nucleus) obtained post-mortem from brains of schizophrenic patients and matched controls. Scatchard analysis of left and right hemisphere caudate tissue was performed on each individual subject. Kd and Bmax values were obtained by linear regression analysis of Scatchard plots. The results indicated no change in either the density or the affinity of the dopamine uptake site between schizophrenics and controls. Comparison of left and right hemisphere data also failed to demonstrate any asymmetry in the populations of dopamine uptake sites in both groups studied. The results do not support the hypothesis of a functional alteration of presynaptic dopamine systems in the caudate nucleus in schizophrenia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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