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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    “Living high − training low” altitude training improves sea level performance in male and female élite runners (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 12 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Acclimatization to moderate high altitude accompanied by training at low altitude (living high–training low) has been shown to improve sea level endurance performance in accomplished, but not élite, runners. Whether élite athletes, who may be closer to the maximal structural and functional adaptive capacity of the respiratory (i.e. oxygen transport from environment to mitochondria) system, may achieve similar performance gains is unclear. To answer this question, we studied 14 élite men and eight élite women before and after 27 days of living at 2500 m while performing high-intensity training at 1250 m. The altitude sojourn began 1 week after the USA Track and Field National Championships, when the athletes were close to their season's fitness peak. Sea level 3000-m time trial performance was significantly improved by 1.1% (95% confidence limits 0.3–1.9%). One-third of the athletes achieved personal best times for the distance after the altitude training camp. The improvement in running performance was accompanied by a 3% improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (72.1 ± 1.5–74.4 ± 1.5 ml kg− 1 min− 1). Circulating erythropoietin levels were near double initial sea level values 20 h after ascent (8.5 ± 0.5–16.2 ± 1.0 IU ml−1). Soluble transferrin receptor levels were significantly elevated on the 19th day at altitude, confirming a stimulation of erythropoiesis (2.1 ± 0.7–2.5 ± 0.6 μ g ml-1). Hb concentration measured at sea level increased 1 g dl−1 over the course of the camp (13.3 ± 0.2–14.3 ± 0.2 g dl−1). We conclude that 4 weeks of acclimatization to moderate altitude, accompanied by high-intensity training at low altitude, improves sea level endurance performance even in élite runners. Both the mechanism and magnitude of the effect appear similar to that observed in less accomplished runners, even for athletes who may have achieved near maximal oxygen transport capacity for humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.120111_1.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CONTACT CHEMORECEPTION IN FEEDING BY PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 48 (2003), S. 455-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gustatory receptors associated with feeding in phytophagous insects are broadly categorized as phagostimulatory or deterrent. No phytophagous insect is known that tastes all its essential nutrients, and the ability to discriminate between nutrients is limited. The insects acquire a nutritional balance largely "adventitiously" because leaves have an appropriate chemical composition. Sugars are the most important phagostimulants. Plant secondary compounds are most often deterrent but stimulate phagostimulatory cells if they serve as host-indicating sign stimuli, or if they are sequestered for defense or used as pheromone precursors. The stimulating effects of chemicals are greatly affected by other chemicals in mixtures like those to which the sensilla are normally exposed. Host plant selection depends on the balance of phagostimulatory and deterrent inputs with, in some oligophagous and monophagous species, a dominating role of a host-related chemical. Evolution of phytophagy has probably involved a change in emphasis in the gustatory system, not fundamentally new developments. The precise role of the gustatory systems remains unclear. In grasshoppers, it probably governs food selection and the amounts eaten, but in caterpillars there is some evidence that central feedbacks are also involved in regulating the amount eaten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112629
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topical tropical entomology from Africa (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 507-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Insect Science and Its Application. Editor Thomas R.Odhiambo. 4/yr. (Pergamon.) £42.50, $48.57. NOT content with founding the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Nairobi, Professor Odhiambo has now started the first international entomological journal to ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/299507a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity to chemically diverse phagostimulants in a single gustatory neuron of a polyphagous caterpillar (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 186 (2000), S. 13-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Catalpol ; Grammia ; Gustation ; Iridoid glycoside ; Phagostimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Caterpillars of the arctiid moth, Grammia geneura, are polyphagous, but species of Plantago are amongst their preferred food plants. A neuron in the medial styloconic sensillum on the galea has been shown to have a general phagostimulatory function. Experiments with binary mixtures and cross-adaptation have demonstrated that it responds to some sugars, to several amino acids, and also to catalpol. Catalpol is a plant secondary compound in Plantago and a phagostimulant for the caterpillars. The possible significance of combining sensitivity to nutrient compounds with sensitivity to a secondary compound is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050002
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taste Sensitivity of Insect Herbivores to Deterrents is Greater in Specialists Than in Generalists: A Behavioral Test of the Hypothesis with Two Closely Related Caterpillars (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 547-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis virescens ; Heliothis subflexa ; caterpillar ; diet breadth ; deterrent compound ; feeding behavior ; postingestive toxicity ; plant secondary metabolite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sensitivity of caterpillars of Heliothis virescens, a generalist, and H. subflexa, a specialist, to eight different plant secondary compounds was examined behaviorally. The compounds were nicotine hydrogen tartrate, hordenine, caffeine, sinigrin, linamarin, arbutin, chlorogenic acid, and salicin. All compounds deterred feeding, at least at the higher concentrations, but the generalist was less affected than the specialist. Thus the hypothesis that specialists have greater sensitivity to deterrents than generalists was supported. In most cases deterrence occurred on first encounter, indicating that the response was sensory; in some cases short-term postingestive effects also appeared to play a role. The larger quantities of deterrent-containing food ingested by H. virescens sometimes resulted in measurable postingestive effects during the second control test. This did not occur in H. subflexa, which more commonly rejected the deterrent-containing food on first contact. The contrast between the species is discussed in relation to tradeoffs involved in different diet breadths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005430010314
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attraction and repulsion of the aphid,Cavariella aegopodii, by Plant Odors (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 881-888 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aphid ; Cavariella aegopodii ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; plant odor ; carvone ; attractant ; repellent ; host-finding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cavariella aegopodii is induced to land on traps by the monoterpene carvone, and the relevance of this to host-finding by the aphid is discussed. Catches are reduced by linalool. The interaction of plant chemicals in natural communities is discussed, and the possibility of using repellent chemicals for crop protection is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992385
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