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Notizen: Application criteria of steroid therapy for the patients of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) have not yet been established. The purpose of the present study was to establish retrospectively the clinical and pathological criteria for the steroid therapy by using a histological scoring on 104 adult patients of IgAN. Steroid therapy was designated as an administration of prednisolone in the amount of more than 30 mg per day in the period of more than 4 weeks within 1 year of kidney biopsy.We developed our own scoring system for the following main glomerular and tubulointerstitial changes as shown in 〈link href="#t1"〉Table 1. The histological scoring was expressed by evaluating semiquantitatively the extent of glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions in terms of activity index (AI) and chronicity index (CI). Activity index is the sum of graded score according to the extent of glomeruli with mesangial hypercellularity, intracapillary macrophagic infiltration and cellular crescent as well as to the extent of interstitial inflammation and tubulitis. Chronicity index is the sum of graded score according to the extent of glomeruli with global sclerosis, increase of extracellular matrices or periglomerular fibrosis, and tuft adhesion or fibrous (or fibrocellular) crescent as well as to the extent of interstitial fibrosis (〈link href="#t1"〉Table 1).〈tabular xml:id="t1"〉1〈title type="main"〉 Histological scoring 〈table frame="topbot"〉〈tgroup cols="5" align="left"〉〈colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" align="left"/〉〈colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" align="center"/〉〈colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" align="center"/〉〈colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" align="center"/〉〈colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" align="center"/〉〈thead valign="bottom"〉〈row rowsep="1"〉Score0123〈tbody valign="top"〉〈entry namest="col1" nameend="col5" align="left"〉AI: Activity Index〈entry namest="col1" nameend="col5" align="left"〉G: glomerularm: mesangial hypercellularity−〈 40%〈 80%≥ 80%i: intracapillary macrophage infiltration−+++e: cellular crescent0〈 30%≥ 30%〈entry namest="col1" nameend="col5" align="left"〉I: tubulointerstitiali: interstitial inflammation−+++t: tubulitis−+++〈entry namest="col1" nameend="col5" align="left"〉CI: Chronicity Index〈entry namest="col1" nameend="col5" align="left"〉G: glomerulars: global sclerosis〈 10%〈 30%〈 50%≥ 50%i: increase of extracellular matrix〈 10%〈 30%〈 50%≥ 50%e: fibrous (or fibrocellular) crescent, adhesion〈 10%〈 30%〈 50%≥ 50% I: tubulointerstitial
 interstitial fibrosis〈 10%〈 30%〈 50%≥ 50%〈note xml:id="t1_note5" numbered="no"〉AI: AGm + AGi + AGe*2 + AIi + Ait, CI: CGS + CGi + CGe + CIFor the applicability of steroid therapy, three groups were categorized by evaluating the statistical significance for the correlation of AI, CI and daily amount of urine protein to the outcome of the patients as follows (〈link href="#t2"〉Table 2). In group A (inappropriate indication of steroid therapy) which showed CI ≥ 5 alone, 10 out of 11 cases revealed decline of renal function (Cr ≥ 1.2 mg/dL and Ccr 〈 80 mL/min) within 2.2–19.3 years (mean 9.0 ± 6.4 years) without respect to steroid therapy. In group B (unnecessary indication of steroid therapy) which showed CI 〈 5, AI 〈 5, and UP 〈 1 g/day, 58 out of 60 cases showed normal renal function (Cr 〈 1.2 mg/dL and Ccr ≥ 80 mL/min) within 4.2–21.6 years (mean 10.1 ± 4.7 years). In group C (necessary indication of steroid therapy) which showed CI 〈 5 and AI ≥ 5 or UP ≥ 1 g/day, patients with steroid therapy revealed significantly higher incidence of outcome with normal renal function (12 out of 13 patients, final evaluation of renal function in 6.8 ± 2.3 years after renal biopsy) than that of the patient without steroid therapy (seven out of 20 cases, evaluation of renal function in 9.2 ± 4.0 years after renal biopsy) (P 〈 0.01) (〈link href="#t3"〉Table 3). In the 13 patients with steroid therapy in group C (steroid pulse in four patients, prednisolone 40 mg/day internally in three patients, predonisolone 30 mg/day internally in six patients) showed a significant decrease of proteinuria and remained until final evaluation time (〈link href="#t4"〉Table 4).〈tabular xml:id="t2"〉2〈title type="main"〉 Application criteria of steroid therapy 〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:13205358:NEP15:NEP_15_t2"/〉〈tabular xml:id="t3"〉3〈title type="main"〉 Comparison of steroid (−) with steroid (+) in the group of ‘necessary’ 〈table frame="topbot"〉〈tgroup cols="4" align="left"〉〈colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" align="left"/〉〈colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" align="center"/〉〈colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" align="center"/〉〈colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" align="center"/〉〈thead valign="bottom"〉〈row rowsep="1"〉steroid therapy+− P 〈row rowsep="1"〉no.1320〈tbody valign="top"〉〈entry namest="col1" nameend="col4" align="left"〉At Renal Biopsyage (years)〈entry align="char" char="[plusmn]"〉31.5 ± 12.936.3 ± 13.0nsUP (g/day)〈entry align="char" char="[plusmn]"〉2.3 ± 1.91.3 ± 0.5〈 0.05Cr (mg/dL)〈entry align="char" char="[plusmn]"〉0.8 ± 0.30.9 ± 0.1nsCCr (mL/min)〈entry align="char" char="[plusmn]"〉111 ± 4392 ± 34nsHypertension (n)19ns+ ACEI (n)410nsFollow-up years from
 renal biopsy〈entry align="char" char="[plusmn]"〉6.8 ± 2.39.2 ± 4.0ns〈entry namest="col1" nameend="col4" align="left"〉End of follow-upCr (mg/dL)〈entry align="char" char="[plusmn]"〉0.8 ± 0.35.5 ± 6.6〈 0.01 Normal renal function
 (n)127 Renal insufficiency (n)16〈 0.01 Dialysis (n)07〈tabular xml:id="t4"〉4〈title type="main"〉 Change of urine protein in the 13 cases with steroid treatment in the group of 'necessary' 〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:13205358:NEP15:NEP_15_t4"/〉From the results above, our evaluation system using histological scoring together with grading proteinuria was proven to be useful in estimating the applicability of steroid therapy for adult IgAN patients.

Notizen: Abstract Background. Tissue amyloid P component is a normal constituent of the human glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and is immunologically identical to the serum amyloid P component, a major DNA binding protein in serum. We postulate that DNA or nucleosome core particles could bind to human GBM via the amyloid P component. Methods. An immunofluorescence study was used to detect the amyloid P component of the GBM. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system was used to test the binding capacity of calf thymus DNA and chicken erythrocyte nucleosome core particles to a preparation of human GBM. Results. Amyloid P component was detected along the capillary wall of the human glomerulus by immunofluorescence. DNA and nucleosome core particles bound to human GBM in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of Ca2+. Digestion of GBM with trypsin resulted in the reduction of binding of anti-serum amyloid P antibody, DNA, and nucleosome core particles to the GBM. Anti-serum amyloid P component (SAP) IgG blocked the binding of DNA and nucleosome core particles to the GBM. Conclusion. DNA and nucleosome core particles bind to the GBM through amyloid P components.

Notizen: Zusammenfassung Von insgesamt 246 psychotischen Kranken wurden unter anderem auch 149 Schizophrene kinematographisch auf ihre mimischen Reaktionen hin getestet, zum Teil ist der Verlauf mit erfaßt. Die Besonderheiten der klinischen Gruppierungen mit deren jeweiliger Relation zu den Kretschmerschen Typen sind eingangs hervorgehoben. Leptosome und Dysplastiker traten zum Teil in „Kümmerformen“ auf; reine Pyknische waren seltener als Übergänge zum Dysplastischen. In 10% der Fälle ergaben sich abnorm symmetrische Gesichter von archaisch-infantiler Wirkung, in 20% auffällige Asymmetrien. — Hyperkinesen wie Grimassen, Faxen, Paramimien treten episodisch auf, es bleiben schließlich nur die Stereotypien, die sich vornehmlich in oberen Gesichtsbereichen abspielen; Ähnlichkeiten zu subcorticalen Hyperkinesen oder zum akinetischen Symptomenkomplex ergeben sich nicht; auch zu anderen Psychosen besteht mimisch keine Verwandschaft, bei exogenen Reaktionstypen ist allerdings eine Abgrenzung aus dem Zustandsbild allein nicht immer möglich, — Im Verlauf zerfällt die Mimik Schizophrener, wobei Ausgangstyp, Intensität und Dauer eine Rolle spielen; am ungünstigsten verhalten sich dabei „einfache Verläufe“ an Dysplastikern. Die Veränderung beginnt meist oral mit Innervationsunsicherheit der Lippen; in sieben Fällen war dabei ein halbseitiges Überwiegen nach Art einer „mimischen Parese“ festzustellen. Die Züge können völlig erschlaffen, was jedoch Ausnahmen sind; meist bleibt eine Überspannung in frontoorbitalen Bereichen zurück, wie man es ähnlich bei hirnatrophischen Prozessen findet; im Unterschied zu letzteren sind die atonischen unteren Gesichtsbereiche bei Schizophrenen jedoch rein motorisch intakt, dafür zeigt sich hier aber ein ungraziöses, seelenloses mimisches Verhalten, was Verfasser als thalamisches Syndrom irreversibler Natur deuten möchte.