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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Analytical validity of the determination of mercury in whole blood and urine – Results of the German external assurance programme for toxicological analysis in biological materials (2000)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 366 (2000), S. 449-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The determination of mercury concentrations in blood and urine is currently the best way of monitoring individual uptake of organic and inorganic mercury. In Germany these determinations must be carried out under the conditions of an external quality assurance programme. The German performance evaluation, based on reference values established by reference laboratories yields success rates in percent for the participants in the intercomparison programme of about 60%. A Canadian evaluation system based on two evaluations scores, yields success rates of 25–50% for “good performance” and of 65–80% for “acceptable performance”. The determination of mercury in blood and urine is at present not carried out with the necessary reliability.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050091
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Aluminium dust-induced lung disease in the pyro-powder-producing industry: detection by high-resolution computed tomography (2000)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 73 (2000), S. 61-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Computed tomography ; High-resolution CT ; Biological monitoring ; Aluminium ; Screening
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Objective: The aim of this case study was to investigate the suitability of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) for detecting early stages of lung fibrosis induced by aluminium (Al) dust. Methods: A 40-year-old worker was studied who had worked as a stamper for 14 years in a plant producing aluminium powder and had been exposed to high levels of aluminium dust during this time. The investigation included the collection of general data on health and details on occupational history, immunological tests, a physical examination, lung function analysis, biological monitoring of Al in plasma and urine, chest X-rays and HRCT. Results: For many years the man has suffered from an exercise-induced shortness of breath. Lung function analysis revealed a reduction of the vital capacity to 57.5% of the predicted value. The Al concentration in plasma was 41.0 μg/l (upper reference value 10 μg/l) and in urine 407.4 μg/l [upper reference value 15 μg/l, biological tolerance (BAT) value 200 μg/l] at the time of diagnosis. Chest X-ray showed unspecific changes. HRCT findings were characterised by small, centrilobular, nodular opacities and slightly thickened interlobular septae. Exposure to other fibrotic agents could be excluded. Conclusions: HRCT was more sensitive than chest X-rays for detecting this early stage of Al-dust-induced lung disease. The suitability of HRCT in the surveillance of workers highly exposed to aluminium powder should be evaluated in further studies. Biological monitoring can be used to define workers at high risk.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00007939
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biological monitoring of workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide in the synthetic fibre industry (2000)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 73 (2000), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Schlagwort(e): Key wordsN,N-Dimethylformamide ; Biological monitoring
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Objectives: Monitoring of workplace air and biological monitoring of 23 workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in the polyacrylic fibre industry was carried out on 4 consecutive days. The main focus of the investigation was to study the relationship between external and internal exposure, the suitability of the metabolites of DMF for biological monitoring and their toxicokinetic behaviour in humans.Methods: Air samples were collected using personal air samplers. The limit of detection (LOD) for DMF using an analytical method recommended by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) was 0.1 ppm. The urinary metabolites, N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide (HMMF), N-methylformamide (NMF), and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-cysteine (AMCC), were determined in one analytical run by gas chromatography with thermionic sensitive detection (GC/TSD). The total sum of HMMF and NMF was determined in the form of NMF. The LOD was 1.0 mg/l for NMF and 0.5 mg/l for AMCC. Results and conclusions: The external exposure to DMF vapour varied greatly depending on the workplace (median 1.74 ppm, range 〈0.1–159.77 ppm). Urinary NMF concentrations were highest in post-shift samples. They also covered a wide range (〈1.0–108.7 mg/l). This variation was probably the result of different concentrations of DMF in the air at different workplaces, dermal absorption and differences in the protective measures implemented by each individual (gloves, gas masks etc.). The urinary NMF concentrations had decreased almost to zero by the beginning of the next shift. The median half-time for NMF was determined to be 5.1 h. The concentrations of AMCC in urine were determined to be in the range from 〈0.5 to 204.9 mg/l. Unlike the concentrations of NMF, the AMCC concentrations did not decrease during the intervals between the shifts. For the exposure situation investigated in our study, a steady state was found between the external exposure to DMF and the levels of AMCC excreted in urine about 2  days after the beginning of exposure. AMCC is therefore excreted more slowly than NMF. The half-time for AMCC is more than 16 h. Linear regression analysis for external exposure and urinary excretion of metabolites was carried out for a sub-group of 12 workers. External exposure to 10 ppm DMF in air (the current German MAK value) corresponds to an average NMF concentration of about 27.9 mg/l in post-shift urine from the same day and an average AMCC concentration of 69.2 mg/l in pre-shift urine from the following day. NMF in urine samples therefore represents an index of daily exposure to DMF, while AMCC represents an index of the average exposure over the preceding working days. AMCC is considered to be better suited for biomonitoring purposes because (1) it has a longer half-time than NMF and (2) its formation in humans is more closely related to DMF toxicity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050016
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a fireproof stone producing plant: biological monitoring of 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxybenz(a)anthracene and 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (2000)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 73 (2000), S. 270-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Urinary metabolites ; Biological monitoring ; Fireproof stone production
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Objectives: Assessment of external and internal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in a fireproof stone producing plant. Methods: Five personal and four stationary air measurements were performed to determine the concentrations of benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene and pyrene, in air. To estimate internal exposure, we determined the urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxybenz(a)anthracene and 3-hydroxybenzo(a)- pyrene in 19 workers, using a sensitive and reliable high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection. Results: During the production of fireproof stones, the German technical exposure limit (TRK) for benzo(a)pyrene of 2 μg/m3 was exceeded in two cases. The mean values of the sum of eight PAHs were 12.6 μg/m3 (stationary air measurement) and 22.2 μg/m3 (personal air measurement). Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene excretion predominated, with a median of 11.1 μg/g creatinine (creat.), followed by 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (median 2.2 μg/g creat.), 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (median 1.9 μg/g creat.) and 2-hydroxyphenanthrene (median 1.6 μg/g creat.). 4-Hydroxyphenanthrene (median 0.3 μg/g creat.) and 3-hydroxybenz(a)anthracene (median 0.17 μg/g creat.) were found in far lower concentrations, while 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was found only in very low concentrations (median 0.014 μg/g creat.). No correlations could be detected for a relationship between external and internal exposure. A significant correlation between urinary metabolite concentrations could be calculated only for 3-hydroxybenz(a)anthracene and 1-hydroxypyrene. Conclusions: In comparison with other industries, the internal PAH exposure at workplaces in a fireproof stone producing plant is high. This is probably caused by dermal PAH-absorption. Therefore, biological monitoring must be performed in the health surveillance of fireproof stone producing workers. The urinary PAH metabolites should be determined: 3-hydroxybenz(a)anthracene could probably be used as a biomarker representing the group of carcinogenic PAH.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050427
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