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  • 1
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: It is shown that the measured laser power transmission through a large scale length, high temperature plasma (which emulates an indirect drive ignition-scale plasma) is in approximate agreement with the simulated transmission provided the simulations account for the power loss due to scattering from laser-plasma instabilities. Detailed accounting of the incident, transmitted, scattered, and absorbed powers is used to infer the likely location in the target where most of the scattering occurs along the incident beam trajectory. This location is near the incident laser side of the target at peak electron temperatures for a range of laser intensities. As a result, the backscattered light measurements at peak electron temperature do not require significant adjustment to account for attenuation of the backscattered light as it propagates out through the plasma. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Measurements of radiation temperatures from empty and gas-filled hohlraums heated at the Nova Laser Facility [E. M. Campbell et al., Laser Part. Beams 9, 209 (1991)] show efficient coupling of the laser power to the target when applying laser beam smoothing techniques. Scattering losses are reduced to the 3% level while the radiation temperatures increased by ∼15 eV for smoothed laser beams. The experimental findings and supporting calculations indicate that filamentation and gain for stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering is suppressed in the hohlraum plasma for smoothed laser beams. The scaling of the radiation temperature is well described by integrated radiation hydrodynamic LASNEX modeling [G. B. Zimmerman and W. L. Kruer, Comments Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 2, 85 (1975)] following the Marshak scaling. Peak radiation temperatures are in excess of 230 eV in gas-filled hohlraums in agreement with the detailed LASNEX modeling. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 2023-2032 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Laser–plasma interactions are sensitive to both the fine-scale speckle and the larger scale envelope intensity of the beam. For some time, simulations have been done on volumes taken from part of the laser beam cross-section, and the results from multiple simulations extrapolated to predict the behavior of the entire beam. However, such extrapolation could very well miss effects of the larger scale structure on the fine-scale. The only definitive method is to simulate the entire beam. These very large calculations have not been feasible until recently, but they are now possible on massively parallel computers. Whole beam simulations show the dramatic difference in the propagation and break up of smoothed and aberrated beams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Laser beam smoothing by spectral dispersion and by polarization smoothing has been observed to significantly reduce the scattering losses by stimulated Brillouin and stimulated Raman scattering from inertial confinement fusion hohlraums. For these measurements, the laser beam smoothing and the high-Z hohlraum wall plasma parameters approach the conditions of future inertial confinement fusion experiments. The simultaneous application of the smoothing techniques has reduced the scattering losses by almost one order of magnitude down to the 1% level. The experimental scaling of the stimulated Brillouin reflectivity compares well to modeling assuming nonlinear damping on the ion acoustic waves in three-dimensional nonlinear wave simulations and calculated hohlraum plasma conditions from radiation-hydrodynamic modeling. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The relationships between the net photosynthetic rate of bean leaves and severity of rust, angular leaf spot and anthracnose were quantified at different temperatures of plant incubation, stages of disease development, and phenological stages of the crop, in two bean cultivars. Several experiments were performed in controlled environment chambers and in the field. The virtual lesion concept was used to quantify the reduction in photosynthetic efficiency of the green leaf tissue surrounding the lesions. The β parameter that expressed the ratio between areas of the virtual and visual lesions was estimated according to the model Px /P0 = (1 − x)β, where Px was the net photosynthetic rate of a leaf with severity x and P0 was the average net photosynthetic rate of healthy leaves. The β-value was 2·17 ± 0·02 (R2 = 0·88) for rust, 3·81 ± 0·04 (R2 = 0·91) for angular leaf spot, and 7·97 ± 0·13 (R2 = 0·94) for anthracnose. For each disease, the parameter β was consistent regardless of incubation temperature, stage of disease development, bean phenological stage and bean cultivar. In addition, the relationships between bean yield and the variables of area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), healthy leaf area index duration (HAD) and healthy leaf area index absorption (HAA), published in the literature for rust, angular leaf spot and anthracnose, were recalculated with the virtual disease severity. Bean yield was more closely related to the new variables ‘photosynthesizing leaf area index duration’ (PAD) and ‘photosynthesizing leaf area index absorption’ (PAA) than to those variables previously published, but only for diseases with a large β-value and at high levels of disease severity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 616-618 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Scanning probe microscope experiments are presented in which thin magnetostrictive films deposited on top of micrometer-sized magnetic write heads as used in magnetic hard disk drives, are used to visualize their emanating magnetic field. The magnetostrictive expansion owing to magnetic writing fields is discussed, together with the transduction mechanisms that lead to the vertical and lateral contrast observed. Experimental results verify that the techniques described have a lateral resolution in the realm of 100 nm. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 1675-1677 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Osteogenesis imperfecta – MR imaging – Temporal bone – Otosclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited generalized disorder of type-I collagen synthesis often associated with hearing loss. We present a case of OI type I in which hearing loss led to examination of the temporal bone with MRI. In the osseous otic capsule MRI demonstrated pericochlear lesions with soft tissue signal intensity and contrast enhancement. Changes similar to otosclerosis have been described in the temporal bone of OI patients when applying CT, but reports on MRI findings do not yet exist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    HNO 48 (2000), S. 390-393 
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Dichotische Diskrimination ; Auditive Wahrnehmungsstörung ; Zentrale Hördiagnostik ; Key words Dichotic discrimination ; Auditory perception disorders ; Central auditory processing ; Central auditory testing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The dichotic discrimination test for children could make an important contribution to the diagnosis of central auditory processing disorders. With previous test procedures and their interpretation it was not possible to get the auditory discrimination ability inn only one grade. To evaluate this ability, it was necessary to measure the degree of comprehension in each ear as well as the required noise level. The evaluation cannot be used for statistical results because there are too many parameters. Moreover, results apparently similar can come from varying abilities. We are therefore working on a new method to evaluate dichotic hearing more accurately. By using a constant noise level and only evaluating positively those hearing pairs which have been repeated correctly, we arrive at one single grade. The dichotic discrimination test was administered to 46 children with auditory perception disorders and the results evaluated according to both, the previous and new evaluation system. According to the new evaluation, a maximum of 20 correct responses is possible. The average number of correct responses was significantly lower than by the previous evaluation system. The standard deviation increased from 16% on the left side and 13% on the right to 24%, or five word-pairs. The difference is even clearer when the test is subdivided into four performance ranges, each of 25%. Of all the children examined, 85% fell in the upper performance range according to the previous evaluation. No child was in the lowest performance range. According to the new evaluation, only 56.5% of the children were in the upper performance rang, while three children, that is 6.5%, were in the lowest performance range. This difference, P = 0.0002, is highly significant. Our results demonstrate clearly that on the basis of the new evaluation system the measurement of dichotic ability is possible, for the first time. We consider the new evaluation method to be an improvement in determining dichotic discrimination and in comparing it with other abilities. To check the validity, further independent testing should be carried out and results compared with those obtained from children without auditory perception disorders.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der dichotische Diskriminationstest für Kinder leistet in der Diagnostik auditiver Wahrnehmungsstörungen einen wertvollen Beitrag. Die auditive Diskriminationsfähigkeit kann bei der bisherigen Testdurchführung und deren Auswertung allerdings nicht in nur einem Wert ausgedrückt werden, sondern bedarf einer Beschreibung aus der Verständlichkeit links und rechts sowie des benötigten Schallpegels. Diese Auswertung ermöglichte ebenfalls eine quantitative Aussage und keinen interindividuellen Vergleich. Wir erarbeiteten deshalb einen neuen Auswertemodus, der versucht, das dichotische Hören strenger zu bewerten. Durch den Einsatz einer konstanten Lautstärke und der Bewertung von nur vollständig richtig wiedergegebenen Hörpaaren wird nur ein einziger Wert für die Leistung im Test ermittelt. Bei 46 Kindern, bei denen der dichotische Diskriminationstest wegen auditiver Wahrnehmungsstörung durchgeführt wurde, berechneten wir die Ergebnisse sowohl nach dem alten als auch nach dem neuen Auswertemodus. Es zeigten sich deutliche Unterschiede bei der Bewertung des Gesamtergebnisses, was sich auch in der Variationsbreite in Form der Standardabweichung widerspiegelt. Unterteilt man den Test in 4 Leistungsbereiche zu je 25%, werden die Unterschiede noch deutlicher. Nach alter Auswertung fanden sich 85% aller Kinder im oberen Leistungsviertel und im unteren keines der Kinder. Die neue Auswertung erfasst über die Hälfte (56,5%) aller Kinder im oberen Leistungsbereich und 6,5% im unteren. Wir sehen in der neuen Auswertung eine verbesserte Möglichkeit, die dichotische Diskrimination einzuschätzen und sie mit anderen Fähigkeiten zu vergleichen. Die neue Bewertung kann eine Normierung des Tests ermöglichen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Congenital hepatic fibrosis ; CDG syndrome ; Phosphomannose isomerase deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Congenital hepatic fibrosis is a rare disorder of intrahepatic bile ducts with the persistence of embryological bile duct structures in ductal plate configuration. Three siblings aged 18, 17 and 14 years old were found to have congenital hepatic fibrosis associated with a deficiency of the enzyme phosphomannose isomerase. The clinical symptoms were recurrent attacks of persistent vomiting with diarrhea and mild hepatomegaly. The biochemical abnormalities included elevated serum transferases during attacks, clotting factor deficiencies and persistent hypoalbuminemia. In the youngest patient protein-losing enteropathy was present. Liver biopsies of the three patients taken when they were 1, 3 and 14 years old showed an excess of bile duct structures in ductal plate configuration with mild fibrosis in the portal triads. In one patient the liver biopsy was repeated after 18 years and showed only a mild progression of fibrosis in the portal triads. Duodenal biopsies taken in infancy in two of the three patients did not show any abnormalities. Recognition of phosphomannose isomerase deficiency in association with congenital hepatic fibrosis and protein-losing enteropathy is important, because some of the clinical symptoms are potentially treatable by oral mannose therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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