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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in 4-mercapto-4-methyl-pentan-2-one release by Saccharomyces cerevisiae commercial wine strains (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 240 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The volatile thiol 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one (4MMP) is a potent contributor to wine aroma. In grape juice, 4MMP is bound to cysteine as a non-volatile compound and requires the action of yeast during fermentation to release the aroma active thiol. A method was developed to measure 4MMP release from the precursor by headspace solid-phase microextraction and separation by gas chromatography with atomic emission detection to screen the ability of wine yeast to release 4MMP. Yeast commonly used in white wine making were grown with the precursor at two different temperatures, and the amount of 4MMP released was measured. The results demonstrate that yeast strain selection and fermentation temperature can provide an important tool to enhance or modulate the grape-derived aromas formed during wine fermentation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2004.09.022
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generation of Leishmania mutants lacking antibiotic resistance genes using a versatile hit-and-run targeting strategy (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 235 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The development of a method to create defined mutants of Leishmania parasites lacking foreign genes conferring resistance to antibiotics has both experimental and practical applications. Mutants deficient in specific virulence genes have potential as attenuated live vaccines, but these can only be of clinical relevance if the antibiotic resistance genes used for selection of the mutants are subsequently removed. In addition, the limited number of antibiotic resistance genes that can be used for genetic manipulation of Leishmania means that a system for recycling them for subsequent use would be highly beneficial when multiple genetic modifications are wanted. In the method we report here, a cassette carrying in tandem the hygromycin resistance gene as a positive marker and thymidine kinase gene as a negative marker is first integrated into the locus of interest and then replaced by a null targeting fragment containing no exogenous DNA. The application of this hit-and-run strategy for removal of one allele of the CPB cysteine peptidase gene array of Leishmania infantum is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09571.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stable transformation of trypanosomatids through targeted chromosomal integration of the selectable marker gene encoding blasticidin S deaminase (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 186 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The susceptibilities of the protozoan parasites Leishmania mexicana and Trypanosoma brucei to the nucleoside antibiotic blasticidin S were assessed. A concentration of 10 μg ml−1 was sufficient to cause cell death within 72 h of L. mexicana promastigotes and bloodstream forms of T. brucei in vitro. The gene encoding blasticidin S deaminase (BSD) was therefore incorporated into cassettes for targeting to the cysteine proteinase C locus of L. mexicana (CPC::BSD) and the tubulin locus of T. brucei (tub::RAD51-BSR). Following transfection of mutant parasites that contained other well-established selectable marker genes (HYG, NEO, BLE, PAC and SAT), clones resistant to 10 μg ml−1 blasticidin S were shown by PCR and Southern blotting to have integrated the cassettes by homologous recombination. The results confirm that BSD can be used as a selectable marker gene for targeted chromosomal integration during genetic manipulations of trypanosomatids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09119.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cigarette consumption and socio-economic circumstances in adolescence as predictors of adult smoking (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 98 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aim  To investigate effects of cigarette consumption level and socio-economic circumstances during adolescence on adult smoking.Methods  1958 British birth cohort (all births 3–9 March 1958). Logistic regression used to predict (i) smoking at 41 years and (ii) persistent smoking (at 23, 33 and 41 years) from cigarette consumption and socio-economic circumstances at 16 years, indicated by social class and educational qualifications.Results  Of 6537 subjects with full smoking history, 30% smoked at 16 years, 23% smoked at 41 years and 19% smoked at 23, 33 and 41 years (persistent smokers). Heavier smokers at 16, 23 and 33 years were more likely to smoke at 41 years than lighter smokers. The odds ratio (OR) of smoking at 41 years was 2.5 for men and 3.0 for women who smoked ≥60 cigarettes/week at age 16, relative to 〈20 cigarettes/week. Subjects from manual social backgrounds and those with no qualifications had elevated risks of being a smoker at 41 years or a persistent smoker. These effects were robust to adjustment for adolescent consumption level (e.g. adjusted OR for no qualifications was 3.8). However, adolescent consumption level modified the effect of educational achievements. Among lighter adolescent smokers, those gaining higher qualifications had lower prevalence of smoking at 41 years (16%) than men with no qualifications (83%); among heavier adolescent smokers, prevalence was more similar for subjects with higher (56%) and no qualifications (69%).Conclusions  Socio-economic background appears to influence adult smoking behaviour separately from adolescent cigarette consumption which is a recognized measure of nicotine dependence. There was some evidence that effects of early nicotine dependence are modified by educational achievements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00552.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Childhood disadvantage and health inequalities: a framework for policy based on lifecourse research (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Child 30 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2214
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Tackling health inequalities is moving up the policy agenda of richer societies like the UK, with governments looking for evidence to guide policy review and development. Observational studies of how childhood disadvantage compromises health in adulthood are an important part of the evidence base, but are largely inaccessible to the policy community. We develop a framework which captures the findings of these studies. Our framework highlights how disadvantage in childhood adversely affects both socio-economic circumstances and health in adulthood through a set of interlocking processes. Key among these are children's developmental health (their physical, cognitive and emotional development) and health behaviours, together with the associated educational and social trajectories. In breaking down the link between childhood disadvantage and adult health into its constituent elements, the framework provides a basis for understanding where and how policies can make a difference. The paper argues that the process of policy review and development needs to include both new programmes and the mainstream policies in which they are embedded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2004.00457.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of oribatid and mesostigmatid soil mites in ecologically based estimates of global species richness (2001)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    Austral ecology 26 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-9993
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Erwin’s method for estimating total global species richness assumes some host-specificity among the canopy arthropods. This study examined possible host habitat specialization in two major groups of soil arthropods, the oribatid and mesostigmatid mites, by sampling beneath three tree species: Eucalyptus pilularis Smith, Eucalyptus propinqua Deane and Maiden and Allocasuarina torulosa (Aiton) L. Johnson. The sample sites were in the Lansdowne State Forest, New South Wales, Australia and the three tree species were selected on the basis of their known differential effects on soil. Sampling was conducted over three seasons, and 79 oribatid and 34 mesostigmatid species were identified from 25 196 and 3634 individuals, respectively. Tree species had little effect on mite species composition with only three oribatid species and no mesostigmatid species identified as host-habitat specialists using a niche breadth measure. Of mite species found under E. pilularis, E. propinqua and A. torulosa trees, 2%, 1% and 0% were defined as host-habitat specialists, respectively. In contrast, tree species had significant and consistent effects on mite community structure, which differed in relative abundance of the oribatid species, their size class distributions and species rankings. In the mesostigmatid communities, there was a difference in the ranking of the mite species among tree species. Although it was demonstrated that tree species have an impact on the soil environment, the differences between tree species were insufficient to change species composition. The low degree of host-habitat specialization suggested that other factors were more important for determining mite species composition at a site, and soil mite host-habitat specialization may not make a large contribution to estimates of total global species richness using methods such as those proposed by Erwin (1982).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2001.01088.pp.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical and histological spectrum of elastotic changes induced by penicillamine (2002)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    Australasian journal of dermatology 43 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-0960
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A 79-year-old-man with cystinuria requiring long-term penicillamine therapy presented with a 6-month history of itchy annular lesions in both axillae. Clinical examination revealed lesions consisting of crusted keratotic papules coalescing in an annular distribution. Associated findings included generalized skin laxity accentuated on the upper trunk and arms, as well as small yellowish papules on the neck. Histological evaluation revealed short, thick, eosinophilic elastic fibres with nodular protrusions. Transepidermal elimination of abnormal elastic fibres was also evident. We discuss the histological and clinical spectrum of penicillamine-induced elastotic changes and compare these changes to those seen in primary elastotic disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0960.2002.00580.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A potential role for ICP, a leishmanial inhibitor of cysteine peptidases, in the interaction between host and parasite (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Molecular microbiology 54 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The biological role of a natural inhibitor of cysteine peptidases (designated ICP) of Leishmania has been investigated by genetic manipulation of the parasite. Null mutants grew normally in vitro, were as infective to macrophages in vitro as wild-type parasites, but had reduced infectivity to mice. Mutants re-expressing ICP from a single gene gave partial restoration of virulence in vivo, whereas mutants overexpressing ICP secreted the inhibitor and showed markedly reduced virulence in mice. Promastigotes of the null mutants had similar cysteine peptidase activities as the wild-type parasites, suggesting that ICP is not required for the expression or processing of the enzymes. The only proteins found to bind to ICP in promastigote cell lysates were fully processed forms of CPA and CPB, showing that ICP does not bind in abundance either to zymogens of the cysteine peptidases or other leishmanial proteins. However, only a small proportion of ICP colocalized with CPA and CPB in the promastigote (in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi) and the majority of ICP resided in vesicles that are apparently distinct from endosomes and the multivesicular tubule (MVT)-lysosome. These data suggest that ICP has a role other than modulation of the activity of the parasite’s own cysteine peptidases and their normal trafficking to the MVT-lysosome via the flagellar pocket. The finding that ICP partially colocalized with an endocytosed cysteine peptidase leads us to postulate that ICP has a role in protection of the parasite against the hydrolytic environment of the sandfly gut and/or the parasitophorous vacuole of host macrophages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04355.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Key Equation Over a Commutative Ring (2000)
    Springer
    Designs, codes and cryptography 20 (2000), S. 125-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7586
    Keywords: alternant code ; domain ; local ring ; minimal polynomial ; decoding algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We define alternant codes over a commutative ring R and a corresponding key equation. We show that when the ring is a domain, e.g. the p-adic integers, the error-locator polynomial is the unique monic minimal polynomial (equivalently, the unique shortest linear recurrence) of the finite sequence of syndromes and that it can be obtained by Algorithm MR of Norton. WhenR is a local ring, we show that the syndrome sequence may have more than one (monic) minimal polynomial, but that all the minimal polynomials coincide modulo the maximal ideal ofR . We characterise the set of minimal polynomials when R is a Hensel ring. We also apply these results to decoding alternant codes over a local ring R: it is enough to find any monic minimal polynomial over R and to find its roots in the residue field. This gives a decoding algorithm for alternant codes over a finite chain ring, which generalizes and improves a method of Interlando et. al. for BCH and Reed-Solomon codes over a Galois ring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008385407717
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ dissection of the graft-versus-host activities of cytotoxic T cells specific for minor histocompatibility antigens (2002)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 8 (2002), S. 410-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Minor histocompatibility antigens (mHags) are immunogenic peptides from polymorphic cellular proteins that induce strong T-cell responses after human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched, mHag-mismatched stem-cell transplantation. mHags with broad or limited tissue expression are target antigens for ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0402-410
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