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  • 2000-2004  (40)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Band alignment in organic devices: Photoemission studies of model oligomers on In2O3 (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 270-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The interfaces of In2O3, a model for indium–tin–oxide (ITO), with benzene, thiophene, and benzaldehyde, models for technologically important organic molecules, are studied using angle resolved ultraviolet photoemission and work function measurements. Band alignment diagrams for hypothetical Al/organic/ITO devices have been drawn, using values determined from this work and previously published studies of these molecules on Al(111). The similarity between the bonding of benzene and thiophene on Al(111) and In2O3, i.e., largely electrostatic, leads to near identical alignment at both metal and oxide interfaces. This indicates that clean Al and ITO will make a very poor electron/hole injecting pair. We suggest that the apparent efficiency of Al as an electron injecting contact in real devices is due to the presence of oxygen at the Al/organic interface. For benzaldehyde the interaction with In2O3 is largely electrostatic, in contrast to the covalent bonds formed on Al(111). This leads to very different alignment at the Al and oxide interfaces, showing the importance of the particular organic–inorganic interaction in determining band alignment. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1374459
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Band alignment at the organic-inorganic interface (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 927-929 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The band alignment of the bithiophene interface with a diverse range of substrates has been determined by a combination of ultraviolet photoemission and work function measurements. Not only is vacuum level alignment clearly shown to be invalid but also any sort of linear relationship between band alignment and substrate work function is shown not to be the case. Rather, the alignment is determined by the interface dipole, which is specific to the interaction at the inorganic-organic interface. The interface dipoles, which always appear, while dominated by the first monolayer interaction, are completed after two to three monolayers. As the ionization potentials of the films are shown to be constant, it is argued that a simple work function measurement, for an organic film on a particular substrate, quantifies the band alignment. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.125632
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IMPORT OF PEROXISOMAL MATRIX AND MEMBRANE PROTEINS (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 69 (2000), S. 399-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review summarizes the progress made in our understanding of peroxisome biogenesis in the last few years, during which the functional roles of many of the 23 peroxins (proteins involved in peroxisomal protein import and peroxisome biogenesis) have become clearer. Previous reviews in the field have focussed on the metabolic functions of peroxisomes (1, 2), aspects of import/biogenesis (3, 4, 5, 6, 7), the role of peroxins in human disease (2, 8), and involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum in peroxisome membrane biogenesis (9, 10, 11) as well as the degradation of this organelle (5, 12). This review refers to some of the earlier work for the sake of introduction and continuity but deals primarily with the more recent progress. The principal areas of progress are the identification of new peroxins, definition of protein-protein interactions among peroxins leading to the recognition of complexes involved in peroxisomal protein import, insight into the biogenesis of peroxisomal membrane proteins, and, of most importance, the elucidation of the role of many conserved peroxins in human disease. Given the rapid progress in the field, this review also highlights some of the unanswered questions that remain to be tackled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.399
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study on the Prevention of Allergy in Children in Europe (SPACE): Allergic sensitization in children at 1 year of age in a controlled trial of allergen avoidance from birth (2002)
    Copenhagen, Denmark : Munksgaard
    Pediatric allergy and immunology 13 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3038
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Several studies have demonstrated that early intervention may modulate the natural course of atopic disease. Our objective was to prevent sensitization to house-dust mite and food allergens, as well as the development of atopic symptoms during infancy, by the combination of an educational package and the use of mite allergen-impermeable mattress encasings. A multicentre European, population-based, randomized, controlled study of children at increased atopic risk [Study on the Prevention of Allergy in Children in Europe (SPACE)] was performed in five countries (Austria, Germany, Greece, the UK, and Lithuania), and included three cohorts – schoolchildren, toddlers, and newborns. We report on the newborn cohort. A total of 696 newborns were included from Austria, the UK, and Germany. Inclusion criteria were: a positive history of parental allergy; and a positive skin-prick test or specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) (IgE ≥ 1.43 kU/L) against at least one out of a panel of common aeroallergens in one or both parents. At 1 year of age, the overall sensitization rate against the tested allergens [dust-mite allergens: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae (Der p and Der f)] and food allergens (egg, milk) in the prophylactic group was 6.21% vs. 10.67% in the control group. The prevalence of sensitization against Der p was 1.86% in the prophylactic group vs. 5% in the control group. In conclusion, we were able to demonstrate, in a group of newborns at risk for atopic diseases, that the sensitization rate to a panel of aero- and food allergens could be effectively decreased through the use of impermeable mattress encasings and the implementation of easy-to-perform preventive measures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3038.13.s.15.11.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    No association of CRH1 receptor polymorphism haplotypes, harm avoidance and other personality dimensions in alcohol dependence: results from the Munich gene bank project for alcoholism (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction biology 9 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1369-1600
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Because corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays a central role in stress regulation, the possible role of CRH1 polymorphism for anxiety-related personality variables such as harm avoidance possibly associated with alcoholism was studied. The research instruments used to phenotype patients were adopted partly from the US collaborative study of the genetics of alcoholism and include a number of personality inventories such as the temperament and character inventory (TCI). Based on the examination of 170 alcoholic subjects no association was found between CRH1 receptor haplotypes of four single nuclotid polymorphisms (SNPs) and low and high temperament traits of harm avoidance, novelty seeking and reward dependence. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556210410001674121
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study on the Prevention of Allergy in Children in Europe (SPACE): Allergic sensitization at 1 year of age in a controlled trial of allergen avoidance from birth (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Pediatric allergy and immunology 14 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3038
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Several studies have demonstrated that early intervention may modulate the natural course of atopic disease. The objective of this study was to prevent sensitization to house dust mite and food allergens, as well as development of atopic symptoms, during infancy. To achieve this we employed the combination of an educational package with the use of mite allergen-impermeable mattress encasings. A multi-center European, population-based, randomized controlled study of children at increased atopic risk [study on the prevention of Allergy in Children in Europe (SPACE)] was performed in five countries (Austria, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Lithuania) and included three cohorts of schoolchildren, toddlers and newborns. We report on the newborn cohort. A total of 696 newborns were included in Austria, Great Britain and Germany. Inclusion criteria were a positive history of parental allergy and a positive skin-prick test or specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) of ≥ 1.43 kU/l against at least one out of a panel of common aeroallergens in one or both parents. At 1 year of age the overall sensitization rate against the tested allergens [dust mite allergens: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae (Der p and Der f, respectively)] and food allergens (egg, milk) in the prophylactic group was 6.21% vs. 10.67% in the control group. The prevalence of sensitization against Der p was 1.86% in the prophylactic group vs. 5% in the control group. In conclusion, we demonstrated, in a group of newborns at risk for atopic diseases, that the sensitization rate to a panel of aero- and food allergens could be effectively decreased through the use of impermeable mattress encasings and the implementation of preventive measures that were easy to perform.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3038.2003.02069.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ambient ozone exposure is associated with eosinophil activation in healthy children (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 31 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Eosinophil activation is characteristic for allergic airways disease. However, eosinophilic airways inflammation has also been observed subsequent to ambient ozone exposure.Methods For a population sample of 877 children living at nine sites with different ozone exposure we measured urinary eosinophil protein X (U-EPX) as a marker of eosinophil activation. U-EPX was determined from a single spot urine sample during autumn 1997. Children were participants in a longitudinal study of ozone effects on lung function.Results The 5–95% percentiles of ozone exposure (30-day mean before test) were 11.8–51.5 p.p.b. (mean: 31.6 ppb). U-EPX was measured by radioimmunoassay and expressed as ratio to urinary creatinine (µg EPX/mmol creatinine). Log transformation was performed to achieve a normal distribution. LogU-EPX was associated with gender, a diagnosis of asthma and atopy (skin test sensitivity to any of seven aeroallergens). LogU-EPX increased with ozone exposure for all children. The medians of LogU-EPX according to the first–fourth quartiles of ozone exposure were: 1.82, 1.88, 1.95 and 2.03. For 172 non-asthmatic children who had spent the whole summer at their site corresponding figures were 1.57, 1.78, 2.07 and 2.13. In a multivariate model with logU-EPX being the dependent variable and adjusted for gender, site and atopy, ozone was found to be significant (estimate: 0.007 µg/mmol creatinine per ppb ozone; SE:0.02; P 〈 0.001).Conclusion Our observation supports the hypothesis that ozone in healthy children is associated with eosinophil inflammation, most likely in the airways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01155.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship of eosinophil granule proteins to ions in the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 30 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Increased sputum levels of eosinophil granule proteins have been reported despite normal eosinophil numbers in peripheral blood and in the lung in cystic fibrosis (CF). Mechanisms of eosinophil priming and activation are still unclear in CF.In the present study we investigated whether ion concentrations in the sputa of CF patients are related to eosinophil activity.We assessed concentrations of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil protein X (EPX), major basic protein (MBP) and ions (Na+, Cl−, Ca2+, Mg2+) in sputum samples of 29 children with CF as well as in 10 controls with bronchial asthma.Patients with CF demonstrated significantly higher levels of ECP, Na+, Cl− and Ca2+ levels than asthmatics (P 〈 0.04, P 〈 0.0001, P 〈 0.0001, P 〈 0.02). No differences were seen between concentrations of EPX and Mg2+ in the two groups. In CF, eosinophil granule proteins correlated significantly with Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations (ECP, P 〈 0.0001, r = 0.65, P 〈 0.0001, r = 0.66; MBP, P 〈 0.03, r = 0.41, P 〈 0.03, r = 0.42), furthermore inversely with Cl− concentrations (ECP, P 〈 0.0003, r = − 0.63; EPX, P 〈 0.02, r = − 0.45; MBP, P 〈 0.03, r = − 0.41) but not with Na+ levels. ECP, Na+ and Cl− were also correlated with lung function variables (FVC, P 〈 0.04, r = − 0.38, P 〈 0.02, r = 0.44, P 〈 0.03, r = 0.41; FEV1, P 〈 0.007, r = − 0.49, P 〈 0.006, r = 0.5, P 〈 0.008, r = 0.48; MEF50, P 〈 0.003, r = − 0.54, NS, P 〈 0.03, r = 0.42; MEF25, P 〈 0.039, r = − 0.4, P 〈 0.005, r = 0.51, P 〈 0.05, r = 0.37).Our results demonstrated a significant relationship of eosinophil degranulation and ions in CF, indicating that ion composition in CF sputa may be at least partly be responsible for high levels of eosinophil products despite low eosinophil numbers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00988.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in size selective aerosol sampling for pollen allergen detection using high-volume cascade impactors (2000)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 30 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Assessment of the allergen content of airborne particles small enough to reach the bronchiolar airways is important for a better understanding of allergic asthma.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ObjectiveIn order to test the performance of a high-volume cascade impactor for size-selective sampling of airborne particles, the characteristics of pollen deposition, and the particle size-dependent allergen distribution, were re-examined.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsTwo cascade impactors with rectangular slots were run in parallel, one with glass fibre filters on all stages, the other with silicone grease on stage 2 (collection of particles of size 4.2–10.2 μm) instead. Pollen was counted using light microscopy and allergens were measured using ELISA techniques.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsIn the impactor without the greased stage 2, a heavy bounce and blow-off for pollen was found. Bounced pollen was deposited mainly on the back-up filter, the sampling stage for particles smaller than 1.4 μm. However, if stage 2 was coated with silicone grease, less than 1% of total pollen was found in the lower stages. On the first stage of the sampler (50% cut-point, 10.2 μm) where all pollen should impact, pollen had a deposition efficiency of only 24–47%, depending on the abundant pollen species. Much less allergen was found in fine particle fractions than in previous studies in which particles were sampled with similar samplers but without grease as a pollen trap.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionsThe observed bounce and blow-off of pollen without a greased stage 2 leads to serious mistakes when assessing the allergen content of the fractions collecting particles smaller than intact pollen, i.e., below 10.2 μm. Pollen allergen concentrations in respirable particle fractions are much lower than in the pollen size fraction. This is of great importance both for symptoms of sensitized allergic asthmatics and for research of asthma-related mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00792.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Release of muscle proteins after downhill running in male and female subjects (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 11 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The release of muscle proteins after downhill running, which mainly includes eccentric muscle action, was compared in females (F; n=9) and males (M; n=9). They performed 20 min of downhill treadmill running with 16% decline with a target heart rate of 70% of the individual VO2peak, which was determined two weeks before. Blood samples were drawn before, 6 and 24 h after exercise to measure plasma levels of skeletal troponin I (sTnI), myosin heavy chain fragments (MHC), creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin (Mb). Baseline levels before exercise were significantly higher in males compared to females for the cytoplasmic proteins CK and Mb, but the difference for MHC and sTnI was not significant. Both groups displayed marked and significant early (6 h) increases (P〈0.05) for sTnI (median: F: 8.2 μg/L; M: 22.0 μg/L), Mb (median: F: 86.8 μg/L; M: 407 μg/L), and CK (median: F: 162 U/L; M: 339 U/L). A significant (P〈0.05) but delayed (24 h) increase was found for MHC (median: F: 482 μU/L; M: 651 μU/L). The absolute values for all four parameters were significantly (P〈0.05) higher in males compared to females; however, no difference was found for the relative increases and the time course of all parameters between females and males. We conclude 1) that there were no significant differences in the basal concentrations of predominantly bound proteins, and 2) that there were no differences in the relative muscle protein release between females and males before and after one bout of high-intensive eccentric exercise. The higher plasma concentrations of all measured muscle proteins in males are probably caused by the higher muscle mass compared to females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.011001028.x
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