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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cigarette consumption and socio-economic circumstances in adolescence as predictors of adult smoking (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 98 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aim  To investigate effects of cigarette consumption level and socio-economic circumstances during adolescence on adult smoking.Methods  1958 British birth cohort (all births 3–9 March 1958). Logistic regression used to predict (i) smoking at 41 years and (ii) persistent smoking (at 23, 33 and 41 years) from cigarette consumption and socio-economic circumstances at 16 years, indicated by social class and educational qualifications.Results  Of 6537 subjects with full smoking history, 30% smoked at 16 years, 23% smoked at 41 years and 19% smoked at 23, 33 and 41 years (persistent smokers). Heavier smokers at 16, 23 and 33 years were more likely to smoke at 41 years than lighter smokers. The odds ratio (OR) of smoking at 41 years was 2.5 for men and 3.0 for women who smoked ≥60 cigarettes/week at age 16, relative to 〈20 cigarettes/week. Subjects from manual social backgrounds and those with no qualifications had elevated risks of being a smoker at 41 years or a persistent smoker. These effects were robust to adjustment for adolescent consumption level (e.g. adjusted OR for no qualifications was 3.8). However, adolescent consumption level modified the effect of educational achievements. Among lighter adolescent smokers, those gaining higher qualifications had lower prevalence of smoking at 41 years (16%) than men with no qualifications (83%); among heavier adolescent smokers, prevalence was more similar for subjects with higher (56%) and no qualifications (69%).Conclusions  Socio-economic background appears to influence adult smoking behaviour separately from adolescent cigarette consumption which is a recognized measure of nicotine dependence. There was some evidence that effects of early nicotine dependence are modified by educational achievements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00552.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Earth Observation Data Policy and Europe. (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 18 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0031-868X.2003.024_05.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Childhood disadvantage and health inequalities: a framework for policy based on lifecourse research (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Child 30 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2214
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Tackling health inequalities is moving up the policy agenda of richer societies like the UK, with governments looking for evidence to guide policy review and development. Observational studies of how childhood disadvantage compromises health in adulthood are an important part of the evidence base, but are largely inaccessible to the policy community. We develop a framework which captures the findings of these studies. Our framework highlights how disadvantage in childhood adversely affects both socio-economic circumstances and health in adulthood through a set of interlocking processes. Key among these are children's developmental health (their physical, cognitive and emotional development) and health behaviours, together with the associated educational and social trajectories. In breaking down the link between childhood disadvantage and adult health into its constituent elements, the framework provides a basis for understanding where and how policies can make a difference. The paper argues that the process of policy review and development needs to include both new programmes and the mainstream policies in which they are embedded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2004.00457.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of the ultrasonic dissecting scalpel in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (2000)
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 14 (2000), S. 1070 -1073 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Key words: Cholecystectomy — Gallbladder — Harmonic scalpel — Laparoscopy — Ultrasonic dissection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: We evaluated the use of the ultrasonically activated (harmonic) scalpel (HS) in the performance of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Methods: A total of 282 consecutive patients, 64 of whom had acute cholecystitis at the time of surgery, underwent LC using HS dissection. Indications for surgery included chronic pain (180 cases), episodes of acute cholecystitis (89 cases), pancreatitis (five cases), and jaundice (seven cases). Twenty-seven patients had preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Results: The mean operating time was 29 ± 9 mins. Eleven procedures were converted to open surgery, (four due to bleeding, six due to unclear anatomy, and one due to an inflammatory mass caused by gangrene/perforation). Complications occurred in 14 patients. They included minor port site infection (four cases), pulmonary atelectasis (three cases), urinary retention (two cases), intraoperative cathetherization not routinely performed, bile leak (two cases, both from cystic duct; one of the cystic duct leaks occurred because of dislodgement of the occluding clip, the other may have been due to duct injury from the clip), pulmonary embolus (one case), and myocardial infarction (one case). Neither of the latter complications were fatal. One patient required a postoperative transfusion due to a fall in hematocrit of 3.2 gr/dl. Conclusions: LC performed with the HS is feasible and effective. Operating time and blood loss were minimal, and the conversion rate was low (3.9%). There were no bile duct injuries. Use of the HS makes dissection easier, thereby helping to reduce operative time and lower the need for conversion to open surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004640000034
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