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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Psychology 47 (1996), S. 485-512 
    ISSN: 0066-4308
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A review of research and theory on transactions between people and physical environments emphasizes new contributions to theory and empirical research published in major journals of environmental psychology, 1989-1994. Theories focused on arousal, load, stress, privacy-regulation, behavior settings, and transactional analysis; new theory increasingly incorporated situational and contextual variables. Empirical research emphasized field settings over the laboratory and employed increasingly diverse methods, populations, and cultures. Environmental design studies integrated scientific and applied goals through post-occupancy evaluation. New findings concerned features of residences, work places, hospitals, schools, prisons, and larger community environments. New studies also addressed environmental stressors (e.g. temperature, noise); effects of attitudes and behaviors on conservation, crime, pollution, and hazards; and issues for neighborhoods, public places, and natural environments. Directions for the future include integrated theory to guide research, more design experiments, and development of conventions for case studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 11 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: It has been suggested that, after ischaemia, activation of proteases such as calpains could be involved in cytoskeletal degradation leading to neuronal cell death. In vivo, calpain inhibitors at high doses have been shown to reduce ischaemic damage and traumatic brain injury, however, the relationship between calpain activation and cell death remains unclear. We have investigated the role of calpain activation in a model of ischaemia based on organotypic hippocampal slice cultures using the appearance of spectrin breakdown products (BDPs) as a measure of calpain I activation. Calpain I activity was detected on Western blot immediately after a 1-h exposure to ischaemia. Up to 4 h post ischaemia, BDPs were found mainly in the CA1 region and appeared before uptake of the vital dye propidium iodide (PI). 24 h after the insult, BDPs were detected extensively in CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells, all of which was PI-positive. However, there were many more PI-positive cells that did not have BDPs, indicating that the appearance of BDPs does not necessarily accompany ischaemic cell death. Inhibition of BDP formation by the broad-spectrum protease inhibitor leupeptin was not accompanied by any neuroprotective effects. The more specific and more cell-permeant calpain inhibitor MDL 28170 had a clear neuroprotective effect when added after the ischaemic insult. In contrast, when MDL 28170 was present throughout the entire pre- and post-incubation phases, PI labelling actually increased, indicating a toxic effect. These results suggest that calpain activation is not always associated with cell death and that, while inhibition of calpains can be neuroprotective under some conditions, it may not always lead to beneficial outcomes in ischaemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 10 (1971), S. 114-122 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Crop science 39 (1999), S. 586-586 
    ISSN: 1435-0653
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 11 (1974), S. 39-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 89 (1995), S. 425-430 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Epilepsy ; Hippocampus ; Rat ; Somatostatin ; Tetanus toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A loss of inhibitory interneurons has been reported in the hippocampus following seizure activity in various animal models of epilepsy and in human epileptic tissue. The question of whether particular populations of inhibitory neurons are similarly affected by the chronic block of inhibition that results after tetanus toxin injections directly into the brain has not previously been addressed. In the present study a unilateral intrahippocampal injection of tetanus toxin into the ventral hippocampus was used to produce a chronic epileptic syndrome characterised by brief seizures that recurred intermittently for 6–8 weeks. The results reveal, for the first time, the morphological changes in somatostatin interneurons following tetanus toxin-induced seizures in the rat. A bilateral short-term increase in immunoreactivity of somatostatin neurons is present 1 week after injection. This is accompanied by an increased intensity of somatostatin-immunoreactive axon terminals in the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, which is more marked on the contralateral side. A chronic and significant loss of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons was noted in the hilus of the dentate gyrus 2 months later. The significance of the chronic loss of the hilar somatostatin neurons in the control of excitatory activity in the dentate gyrus and whether the acute morphological changes are due to a direct action of the toxin on release mechanisms or as a result of seizure activity are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 89 (1995), S. 425-430 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Epilepsy ; Hippocampus ; Rat ; Somatostatin ; Tetanus toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A loss of inhibitory interneurons has been reported in the hippocampus following seizure activity in various animal models of epilepsy and in human epileptic tissue. The question of whether particular populations of inhibitory neurons are similarly affected by the chronic block of inhibition tha tresults after tetanus toxin injections directly into the brain has not previously been addressed. In the present study a unilateral intrahippocampal injection of tetanus toxin into the ventral hippocampus was used to produce a chronic epileptic syndrome characterised by brief seizures that recurred intermittently for 6–8 weeks. The results reveal, for the first time, the morphological changes in somatostatin interneurons following tetanus toxin-induced seizures in the rat. A bilateral short-term increase in immunoreactivity of somatostatin neurons is present 1 week after injection. This is accompanied by an increased intensity of somatostatin-immunoreactive axon terminals in the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, which is more marked on the contralateral side. A chronic and significant loss of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons was noted in the hilus of the dentate gyrus 2 months later. The significance of the chronic loss of the hilar somatostatin neurons in the control of excitatory activity in the dentate gyrus and whether the acute morphological changes are due to a direct action of the toxin on release mechanisms or as a result of seizure activity are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-2649
    Keywords: Mokken Scaling Model ; psychometric properties in subpopulations ; HRQoL ; quality of life ; EORTC QLQ-C30.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper demonstrates how the Mokken Scaling Model and other statistical tools may be useful in assessing the consistency of psychometric properties of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scales across various populations. The main focus is the psychometric performance of the scales proposed for the EORTC QLQ-C30 in seven patient groups totalling more than 2,000 cancer patients. All scales performed satisfactorily in the total sample with the exception of the role functioning and cognitive functioning scales, which failed in terms of reliability and item discriminant validity. The descriptive statistics for the scales show that several of them, particularly those that build upon only two items, have discrimination problems at the extremes, visible in the high percentages at the maximum or the minimum observed values. The scalability analysis in the subsamples showed that the essential assumption in the Mokken Scaling Model of equal item step order does not hold for the cognitive functioning, emotional functioning and physical functioning scales. We conclude that the Mokken Scaling Model is well suited to the purpose of examining the generalizability of HRQoL scales across subpopulations although a global statistical test of the fit of the measurement model is not available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 16 (1972), S. 3159-3167 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal conductivities of polystyrene and polyethylene containing several different particulate solids were measured over a range of solid concentrations. Experimental data were compared with results predicted by theoretical models for two-phase media. The equations of Bruggeman and Cheng-Vachon both gave reasonable agreement with measured results. The applicability of these equations does not appear to depend upon the structure of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 59-63 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melting of solids under shear conditions is an important operation in the processing of most thermoplastics. In this study, solid blocks of high density polyethylene were melted on a hot, moving surface over a range of surface temperatures and velocities. The conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy were applied to the molten layer and then simplified by an order of magnitude analysis. A general model that included all significant terms gave rates of melting that agreed closely with the measured rates. A simpler model that was analogous to present extruder models predicted melting rates that were ten to twenty-five percent lower than the experimental values. Models for polymers with low to moderate crystallinity should be modified to account for physical removal of amorphous material by shear forces.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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