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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Motor neuron disease (MND) ; Deglutition disorders ; Videofluoroscopy ; Videopharyngolaryngoscopy ; Manometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dysphagia in motor neuron disease (MND) may lead to dangerous complications such as cachexia and aspiration pneumonia. Functional evaluation of the oropharyngeal tract is crucial for identifying specific swallowing dysfunctions and planning appropriate rehabilitation. As part of a multidisciplinary study on the treatment of dysphagia in patients with neuromuscular diseases, 23 MND patients with different degrees of dysphagia underwent videoflouroscopy, videopharyngolaryngoscopy and pharyngo-oesophageal manometry. The results of the three instrumental investigations were analysed in order (1) to define the pattern of swallowing in MND patients complaining of dysphagia; (2) to evaluate whether subclinical abnormalities may be detected; and (3) to assess the role of videofluoroscopy, videopharyngolaryngoscopy and manometry in the evaluation of MND patients with deglutition problems. Correlations between the instrumental findings and clinical features (age of the patients, duration and severity of the disease, presence and degree of dysphagia) were also assessed. The results of our study showed that: (1) The oral phase of deglutition was compromised most often, followed by the pharyngeal phase. (2) In all patients without clinical evidence of dysphagia, subclinical videofluoroscopic alterations were present in a pattern similar to that found in the dysphagic group. (3) Videofluoroscopy was the most sensitive technique in identifying oropharyngeal alterations of swallowing. Impairment of the oral phase, abnormal pharyngo-oesophageal motility and incomplete relaxation of the upper oesophageal sphincter were the changes most sensitive in detecting dysphagia. Videofluoroscopy was also capable of detecting preclinical abnormalities in non-dysphagic patients who later developed dysphagia. Practical guidelines for the use of instrumental investigations in the assessment and management of dysphagia in MND patients are proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 244 (1997), S. 542-547 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Myasthenia gravis ; Cyclosporine ; Immunosuppressive therapy ; Corticosteroids ; Cost analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment in 9 patients (6 female and 3 male), 16–63 years old, with severe myasthenia gravis (MG) for a mean period of 2 years (range 16–36 months). All of the patients had been previously treated either with corticosteroids or by combined immunotherapy, and 5 needed periodic plasma exchanges. The reduction of plasmapheresis cycles in the 5 patients who needed periodic plasma exchange to mantain an acceptable quality of life showed an impressive cost-benefit analysis. During CsA treatment 7 of 9 patients improved their muscle strength and functional score. In all the patients except one the corticosteroid dosage was reduced and in 7 of the 9 patients the dose reduction was over 50% with subsequent reduction of the corticosteroid side effects. The findings showed that initiation of CsA treatment increased muscle strength and reduced corticosteroid dosage. The most common CsA side effects were: a serum creatinine increase that occurred in the first 6– 12 months of therapy in 8 patients, other side effects like hypertrichosis and gingival hyperplasia were present in four patients. Blood pressure increase was found in only one patient. CsA treatment may be a valuable and cost effective treatment in severe MG.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Congenital myotonic ; dystrophy ; Mental retardation ; Brain MRI ; DNA analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present the clinical and neuroimaging findings of five patients (four males, one female; mean age 12 years) affected by congenital myotonic dystrophy and the correlation with their molecular genetic analysis. At birth all five presented severe muscular weakness and hypotonia, associated with feeding difficulties and respiratory distress. In the same patients, congenital clubfoot or more generalized arthrogryposis was also evident. Lymphocyte DNA was characterized in each by a CTG repeat longer than 1300 in the region of the myotonic dystrophy gene in chromosome 19. The patients’ neurological condition was evaluated by clinical examination, intelligence tests, electroencephalography, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. All five suffered from some impairment of intellectual function (IQ ranged from 52 to 79). In three a longitudinal evaluation of the cognitive deficit detected no deterioration. In all patients magnetic resonance imaging showed some degree of ventricular dilatation, loosely correlated to the cognitive impairment; in three there was hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and in two mild abnormalities of supratentorial white matter. The relationship between the size of the CTG repeat expansion found in lymphocyte DNA and the cerebral abnormalities appeared inconsistent in this unusual myoencephalopathy of the newborn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Gonadotropins ; Testosterone ; Dihydrotestosterone ; Androstenedione ; Hypogonadism ; Male ; Myotonic dystrophy ; Impotence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Allo scopo di studiare in maniera completa l'ipogonadismo ipergonadotropo maschile nella distrofia miotonica e di valutarne le eventuali conseguenze sull'atrofia muscolare e sulla sessualità, sono stati determinati con metodo RIA o IRMA in 29 pazienti affetti da distrofia miotonica e in 34 soggetti sani: LH, FSH, prolattina, testosterone totale (T) e libero (FT), estradiolo (E), diidrotestosterone (DHT), SHBG, androstenedione (A), 17-OH-Progesterone. Le medie ± deviazione standard di questi ormoni sono risultati: LH=8.0±4.4 mIU/ml, FSH=17.4±11.5 mIU/ml, A=2.0±1.3 ng/ml, tutti più elevati dei controlli. T=406±290 ng/dl; FT=22.7±7.0 pg/ml, DHT 55.5±29.7 ng/dl tutti più bassi dei controlli. Il riscontro di bassi valori di FT e DHT, non studiati prima d'ora in questi soggetti, conferma e rende più evidente il deficit androgenico. L'elevato livello di A con T basso dimostra un deficit dell'enzima 17-deidrogenasi. La durata della malattia correla significativamente sia con il tasso di T (r−0.56) che di FT (r−0.59) e quindi l'ipogonadismo tende ad aggravarsi progressivamente. Dividendo i nostri pazienti in tre gruppi (A, B, C) in base alla gravità del danno muscolare i livelli di LH e FSH erano più elevati (rispettivamente 9.3±4.7 and 20.6±12.3 mIU/ml vs 4.8±0.9 and 8.4±3.8, p〈0.03) e T più basso (rispettivamente 337.3±263.4 ng/dl vs 649.7±320.3, p〈0.03) nelle forme più gravi (gruppo A). Tuttavia tra i tre gruppi non sono state riscontrate variazioni del FT e quindi è poco probabile una influenza dell'ipogonadismo sulla atrofia muscolare. Circa il 25% dei pazienti lamentava impotenza sessuale. Questi soggetti avevano livelli di FSH e LH più elevati (p〈0.001) e di testosterone libero più bassi (p〈0.03) rispetto a chi aveva normale sessualità. Tuttavia l'ipogonadismo potrebbe non essere la sola causa dell'impotenza. Gli impotenti appartenevano tutti al gruppo C ed avevano una espansione della tripletta CTG molto alta. È possibile che anche l'ipogonadismo e il deficit sessuale siano legati ad alterazioni di tessuto muscolare: le cellule miodi peritubulari del testicolo e la muscolatura liscia dei corpi cavernosi.
    Notes: Abstract In order to study male hypergonadotropic hypogonadism as completely as possible, and to evaluate its possible effects on muscle atrophy and sexuality, RIA or IRMA methods were used to measure the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, total (T) and free (FT) testosterone, estradiol (E), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), androstenedione (A) and 17-OH-progesterone (17-OH-P) in 29 patients with myotonic dystrophy (MD). The mean hormonal levels ±SD were: LH 8.0±4.4 mIU/ml, FSH 17.4±11.5 mIU/ml, A 200±130 ng/dl (all higher than in controls); T 406±290 ng/dl, FT 22.7±7.0 pg/ml, DHT 55.5±29.7 ng/ml (all lower than in controls). The low FT and DHT levels (never previously studied in MD) confirm the androgenic deficiency. The high androstenedione levels and low testosterone concentrations suggest defective enzyme 17-dehydrogenase. The duration of the disease correlated with both testosterone (r=−0.56) and FT levels (r=−0.59), showing that hypogonadism tends to worsen progressively. When the patients were divided into three groups on the basis of the severity of muscle involvement (A, B and C), LH and FSH levels were higher in group C (more severe disease) than in group A, respectively 9.3±4.7 and 20.6±12.3 mIU/ml versus 4.8±0.9 and 8.4±3.8, p〈0.03; T levels were lower in group C than in group A, 337.3±263.4 ng/dl versus 649.7±320.3 (p〈0.03); however, there was no significant difference in the FT levels of the three groups, which may imply that hypogonadism is unlikely to have a direct effect on muscle atrophy. About 25% of our patients were impotent; these subjects had higher LH and FSH (p〈0.001) and lower FT levels than the patients who were not impotent (p〈0.03). However, hypogonadism may not be the only cause of impotence as all of the impotent patients belonged to group C and had a very high (CTG)n triplet expansion. We hypothesise that hypogonadism and sexual impairment could be partially due to a muscle cell alteration: i.e. a dysfunction of both the testicular peritubular myoid cells and of the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Myotonic dystrophy ; Pharyngoesophageal motility ; Videofluoroscopy ; CTG expansion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Alteration of the pharyngoesophageal musculature is a common finding in patients with myotonic dystrophy (MD), regardless of the presence of dysphagia. The aim of the present study was to determine whether a specific pattern of swallowing abnormalities could be identified in MD patients, and the possible correlation with the size of CTG repeats. Fifteen MD patients, 8 of whom were asymptomatic for dysphagia, underwent a videofluoroscopic study of swallowing. Alterations of the pharyngoesophageal phase of swallowing were detected in 12 of 15 patients, 6 without clinical evidence of dysphagia. Incomplete relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and esophageal hypotonia were the most common alterations. We found a significant correlation between the number of radiological alterations and the size of CTG repeats. A typical radiological pattern of swallowing has also been identified. The role of videofluoroscopy in evaluation of MD patients is briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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