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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology 4 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1542-474X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The goal of the study was to establish the usefulness of a new device, the Actograph, to differentiate the causes of ischemia detected in ambulatory Holter monitoring. Twenty-five patients (7 women, 18 men) with angiographically proven coronary artery disease and stable effort angina were evaluated.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsPatients had their physical motor activity (PMA) registered by means of an Actograph simultaneously with Holter monitoring during 24 hours when they underwent a standardized bicycle exercise test and performed their usual daily activity with mandatory walking and stair climbing.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsNineteen of 25 patients had 97 transient ischemic episodes (TIEs) in the postexercise monitoring period (5.1 episodes/patient and 91.5 min/patient). Seventy-four TIEs were associated with a high heart rate (HR) increase and evidence of PMA. Seven TIEs occurred without HR increase, but with evidence of considerable physical exercise. During 13 TIEs there was HR increase without any proof of physical activity. In only three TIEs there was neither HR increase nor measurable PMA. Patients’activity period during 24 hours extended from 19.6%–48.9% of recording time. The higher the patients’activity level during the 24-hour period, the higher the number of TIEs were noted (r = 0.57, P 〈 0.03). Increased activity was recorded in patients’diaries only during 51(69%) of TIE with evidence of increased HR and PMA. Patients who had only asymptomatic TIEs on the ambulatory ECG had significantly higher PMA than patients without ischemia during Holter monitoring (26% vs 33%; P 〈 0.001). PMA during walking was significantly higher than during bicycle exercise and climbing stairs (P 〈 0.001). Surprisingly, the physical activity episodes with lowest PMA, bicycle exercise testing, in all cases were accompanied by TIE, while activity episodes with highest PMA, walking, provoked TIEs only in 40% of cases. There is clearly no correlation between activity measured by the Actograph and HR increase during cycloergometer tests (R2 = 0.08), while stair climbing and walking shows good correlation (R2 = 0.6).〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionsThe Actograph is a useful device that gives additional insight into the pathophysiology of ischemia. The weakness of the method is lack of the ability to measure intensity of physical activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 36 (1999), S. 281-292 
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Keywords: Key words Endogenous opiate system ; β-Endorphin ; heart failure ; Schlüsselwörter Endogenes Opiatsystem ; β-Endorphin ; Herzinsuffizienz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Neben Analgesie weisen Opioide auch eine wesentliche Kreislaufwirkung auf. Endogene Schmerzregulation und Herz/Kreislaufregulation zeigen eine deutliche Überlappung mit ähnlichen zentralnervösen Regulationszentren und paralleler Aktivierung nach elektrischer oder pharmakologischer Reizung. Bei Schockformen, besonders hämorrhagischem oder septischem Schock, ist das körpereigene Opiat β-Endorphin z.T. deutlich erhöht, Naloxon als Opiatantagonist kann die gestört Hämodynamik verbessern. Auch Herzinsuffizienz ohne Schock ist mit erhöhter Plasma-β-Endorphin-Ausschüttung verbunden, z.T.verbessert Naloxon auch dort Herzförderleistung und Blutdruck. Dies konnte besonders in Tiermodellen gezeigt werden oder auch bei Patienten mit bestimmten Formen von Herzinsuffizienz. Körperliche Belastung ist Ausschüttungsstimulus für hypophysäres β-Endorphin. Es sollte untersucht werden, ob eine pathologische Hämodynamik unter Belastung mit einer spezifischen Ausschüttung von β-Endorphin einhergeht. Es wurden n = 89 Patienten während einer Einschwemmkatheteruntersuchung in Ruhe und unter körperlicher Belastung untersucht. 61 Patienten wiesen eine koronare Herzerkrankung auf, in 55 Fällen mit einem zuvor abgelaufenen Herzinfarkt. β-Endorphin, Cortisol und Katecholamine wurden vor, während und nach körperlicher Belastung gemessen und mit der Hämodynamik in Ruhe und unter Belastung verglichen. Unter körperlicher Belastung stieg β-Endorphin signifikant an (F1,86 = 13,23; p〈0,0005). Es zeigte sich kein Zusammenhang zwischen hämodynamischen Parametern und Plasma-β-Endorphin. Patienten mit oder ohne gestörte Hämodynamik unter Belastung zeigten keinen Unterschied im Plasma-β-Endorphin-Wert. β-Endorphin zeigte keine signifikante Korrelation zum Pulmonalkapillardruck (r = –0,07, n. s.) und keinen signifikanten Zusammenhang mit der Herzförderleistung unter Belastung (r = 0,05, n. s.). Die Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, daß ein phasischer Zusammenhang zwischen β-Endorphin und Hämodynamik bei dieser Form von Herzinsuffizienz (normale Ruhehämodynamik, gestörte Belastungshämodynamik) nicht gegeben ist. Die erhöhten β-Endorphin-Werte bei Herzinsuffizienz, die in der Literatur beschrieben werden, sind danach eher als tonische Veränderungen zu interpretieren, wahrscheinlich als veränderte zentralnervöse neurohumorale Regulation auf Versagenszustände der Herz/Kreislaufregulation. Ob die verstärkte Ausschüttung von β-Endorphin lediglich als eine unspezifische Begleitregulation einer generellen neurohumoralen Veränderung bei Herzinsuffizienz zu interpretieren ist oder ob den endogenen Opiaten hier eine regulatorische Wirkung zukommt, ist noch nicht ausreichend geklärt. Mögliche zentralnervöse und periphere Regulationen endogener Opiate auf die Herz/Kreislauffunktion werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Aside from their analgesic properties, opioids exert distinct circulatory effects. In the central nervous system, endogenous pain- and cardiovascular-regulation clearly overlap whereby similar anatomic regulatory centers are involved, and parallel activation after electrical or pharmacological stimulation occurs. With different forms of shock, especially hemorrhagic or septic shock, the endogenous opiate β-endorphin is in some cases substantially increased, and the opiate antagonist Naloxone can improve the disrupted hemodynamics. Heart failure without shock is also associated with an increased plasma level of β-endorphin, and in some instances Naloxone improves hemodynamics with this condition. This could be illustrated particularly in animal experimental models, although it has also been shown in patients with specific forms of cardiac insufficiency. Physical exercise is a stimulus for hypophysial β-endorphin secretion. It needs to be seen whether pathological hemodynamics under stress are associated with a specific release of β-endorphin. Eighty nine patients were investigated at rest and under physical exercise during a floating catheter examination, 61 patients revealed a coronary heart disease of which 52 had an increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure under stress, and 26 of those had an isolated increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure under stress with normal cardiac output. Thirty six patients showed a reduced cardiac output under physical exercise. β-endorphin, cortisol, and catecholamines were measured before, during, and after physical exercise and compared with the hemodynamics measured at rest and under exercise condition. Under physical exercise, β-endorphin increased significantly (F1.86 = 13.23; p〈0.0005). There were no associations between the hemodynamic parameters and the endogenous opiates. Patients with or without disrupted hemodynamics under stress revealed no differences in plasma β-endorphin values. Under conditions of physical exercise β-endorphin showed no significant correlation with the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r=–0.07, n. s.) and no significant correlation with cardiac output (r = 0.05, n. s.). The results suggest that a phasic association between β-endorphin and hemodynamics under physical stress does not exist. Previously published findings of increased β-endorphin values during cardiac insufficiency are as such to be interpreted as tonic changes, i. e., probably as central nervous neurohumoral regulation of the disrupted cardiovascular regulation. Whether the increased release of β-endorphin can only be interpreted as a non-specific result of more generalized neurohumoral changes or whether regulatory effects can be ascribed to the endogenous opiates has not been adequately elucidated. The possible central nervous or peripheral regulation of cardiovascular function by endogenous opiates is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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