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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arsenic compounds in a marine food chain (1997)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 359 (1997), S. 434-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A three-organism food chain within a rock pool at Rosedale, NSW, Australia, was investigated with respect to arsenic compounds by high performance liquid chromatography – hydraulic high pressure nebulization – inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-HHPN-ICP-MS). Total arsenic concentration was determined in the seaweed Hormosira banksii (27.2 μg/g dry mass), in the gastropod Austrocochlea constricta (74.4 μg/g dry mass), which consumes the seaweed, and in the gastropod Morula marginalba (233 μg/g dry mass), which eats Austrocochlea constricta. The major arsenic compounds in the seaweed were (2′R)-dimethyl[1-O-(2′,3′-dihydroxypropyl)-5-deoxy-β-d-ribofuranos-5-yl]arsine oxide and an unidentified compound. The herbivorous gastropod Austrocochlea constricta transformed most of the arsenic taken up with the seaweed to arsenobetaine. Traces of arsenite, arsenate, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenocholine, the tetramethylarsonium cation, and several unknown arsenic compounds were detected. Arsenobetaine accounted for 95% of the arsenic in the carnivorous gastropod Morula marginalba. In Morula marginalba the concentration of arsenocholine was higher, and the concentrations of the minor arsenic compounds lower than in the herbivorous gastropod Austrocochlea constricta.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050605
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chlorella sp. and Arsenic Compounds: An Attempt to Prepare an Algal Reference Material for Arsenic Compounds (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 11 (1997), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chlorella sp. ; biomethylation ; arsenic ; HPLC-ICP-MS ; cadmium ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The growth of Chlorella Böhm, Chlorella kessleri and Chlorella 108 in media containing sodium arsenate at 200 or 2000 mg As dm-3 was investigated. The cell densities in the stationary phases were 40% higher for Chlorella Böhm (5.6×105 cells cm-3) and Chlorella kessleri (4.5×105 cells cm-3) grown in the 2000 mg As dm-3 arsenate media compared with the arsenic-free media. The growth of Chlorella 108 was depressed by arsenate. Dimethylarsinic acid (at concentrations never exceeding 1.2 mg As dm-3) and arsenite (≲0.2 mg As dm-3) were detected in the growth medium. The cells harvested during the stationary phase had 2400 mg arsenic associated with 1 kg dry mass. A water/methanol (80:20) mixture extracted all the arsenic from the cells. Most of the arsenic (99%) was arsenate. Arsenite, methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid accounted for the remaining arsenic. Cadmium in the arsenic-containing growth media (50 μg to 100 mg dm-3) reduced the yield of algal cells and induced the formation of an unidentified arsenic compound in Chlorella Böhm. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of arsenic compounds in marine mammals with high-performance liquid chromatography and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer as element-specific detector (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 491-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: HPLC-ICP-MS ; cetaceans ; pinnipeds ; arsenic ; arsenobetaine ; arsenocholine ; whales ; seals ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Total arsenic concentrations and the concentrations of individual arsenic compounds were determined in liver samples of pinnipeds [nine ringed seals (Phoca hispida), one bearded seal (Erginathus barbatus)] and cetaceans [two pilot whales (Globicephalus melas), one beluga whale (Deliphinapterus leucus)]. Total arsenic concentrations ranged from 0.167 to 2.40 mg As kg-1 wet mass. The arsenic compounds extracted from the liver samples with a methanol/water mixture (9:1, v/v) were identified and quantified by anion- and cation-exchange chromatography. An ICP-MS equipped with a hydraulic high-pressure nebulizer served as the arsenic-specific detector. Arsenobetaine (0.052-1.67 mg As kg-1 wet mass) was the predominant arsenic compound in all the liver samples. Arsenocholine was present in all livers (0.005-0.044 mg As kg-1 wet mass). The tetramethylarsonium cation was detected in all pinnipeds (〈0.009 to 0.043 mg As kg-1) but not in any of the cetaceans. The concentration of dimethylarsinic acid ranged from 〈 0.001 to 0.109 mg As kg-1 wet mass. Most of the concentrations for methylarsonic acid (〈0.001 to 0.025 mg As kg-1 wet mass) were below the detection limit. Arsenous acid and arsenic acid concentrations were below the detection limit of the method (0.001 mg As kg-1). An unknown arsenic compound was present in all liver samples at concentrations from 0.002-0.027 mg As kg-1. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can humans metabolize arsenic compounds to arsenobetaine? (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 873-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arsenic Compounds in Higher Fungi (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 11 (1997), S. 673-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: arsenic species ; mushrooms ; methylarsonic acid ; dimethylarsinic acid ; tetramethylarsonium ion ; arsenobetaine ; arsenocholine ; arsenite ; arsenate ; trimethylarsine oxide ; HPLC-ICP-MS ; taxonomy ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In 50 mushroom species (56 samples) from Slovenia, Switzerland, Brazil, Sweden, The Netherlands and USA, total arsenic was determined by radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA). Arsenic concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 30 μg g-1 (dry mass). Arsenic compounds were determined in methanol extracts from the mushrooms by HPLC-ICP-MS. The aim of the study was not only to quantify arsenic compounds in mushrooms but also to uncover trends relating the methylating ability of a mushroom to its taxonomic or evolutionary status.The main arsenic compound found in many mushrooms (various puffballs, Agaricales and Aphyllophorales) was arsenobetaine. Arsenate [As(V)] was the main arsenic species in Laccaria fraterna and Entoloma rhodopolium and arsenite [As(III)] in Tricholoma sulphureum. A mixture of arsenite and arsenate was present in Amanita caesarea. Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and methylarsonic acid were present in many mushrooms, but generally as minor components. In Laccaria laccata, Leucocoprinus badhamii and Volvariella volvacea, DMA was the major metabolite. Arsenocholine (AC) and the tetramethylarsonium ion were present in a few species, generally at low concentrations, except for Sparassis crispa, in which AC was the main compound. Tri- methylarsine oxide was not found in any of the mushrooms. In some species small amounts of unknown compounds were also present. The possible taxonomic significance of the metabolite patterns and the predominance of arsenobetaine in more advanced fungal types are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microwave digestion methods for the determination of trace elements in brain and liver samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (1996)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 355 (1996), S. 120-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two microwave digestion systems (open-focused and closed-pressurized) were tested for the mineralization of human brain and bovine liver (NIST SRM 1577a) as dissolution steps prior to the determination of 16 trace elements (Bi, Cd, Co, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Tl, and Zn) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Digestion parameters (mass of sample, digestion mixture, and power/time steps) were optimized using temperature and pressure sensors. Digestions with the open-focused microwave system require larger volumes of conc. HNO3 and 30% H2O2 than digestions with the closed-pressurized system. Both systems produce correct results for the bovine liver samples. The concentrations obtained for the digests of the open-focused system tend to be less precise than the concentrations from the “closed-pressurized” digests. Because the “open-focused” digests must be diluted to 50 mL to bring the acid concentration to 0.7–2.0 mol/L required by the ICP-MS (closed-pressurized digests need to be diluted to only 20 mL), the detection limits for the system with the open-focused digestion are higher than for the system with the closed-pressurized digestor. The open-focused digestor cannot handle more than 150 mg brain tissue, whereas the closed-pressurized system can mineralize 470 mg. The latter method gave better results with brain tissue than the open-focused system. The preparation of brain tissue as reference material for the determination of trace elements in brain samples is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0021663550120
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