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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conductance modulation of submicrometer metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors by single-electron trapping (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 4178-4186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The capture and emission of electrons at single, individual interface traps is studied in sub-μm metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) by the random telegraph signals (RTSs) they induce by source-drain conductance modulations. The magnitude of the RTSs observed frequently exceeds 10% of the channel conductance and it exhibits a large scatter over two orders of magnitude. Analytical estimates and computer modeling show that the magnitude of the RTSs and the scatter cannot occur for a uniform MOSFET channel. It is concluded that fixed oxide and interface charge centers, which are present in the active device area at a high concentration, cause a percolating current distribution in the channel. The lucky trap centers located close to current paths give rise to large RTSs. The scatter in the magnitude of the RTSs is due to the random location of traps in the percolation pattern. Trapping centers causing RTSs thus act as atomic probes of the nonuniform current distribution in the channel. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361785
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intermolecular vibrations of the phenol dimer revealed by spectral hole burning and dispersed fluorescence spectroscopy (1995)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 103 (1995), S. 9918-9928 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Inter- and intramolecular vibrations of the Phenol dimer have been examined using spectral hole burning and dispersed fluorescence spectroscopy. The dispersed fluorescence spectra have been recorded via excitation of the electronic donor origin and all intermolecular vibrational transitions. The Franck–Condon intensity pattern allowed a straightforward assignment of the ground state vibrational frequencies to the excited state frequencies, which were examined by hole-burning spectroscopy. The existence of another conformer that possibly absorbs in the region of interest was ruled out by hole-burning spectroscopy. For obtaining the hole-burning spectra, the electronic origin of the donor chromophore was analyzed, while the hole-burning laser was scanned over the region of interest. As both acceptor and donor part belong to one molecule the hole-burning signal could be analyzed via fluorescence from one of the chromophores. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.470686
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and vibrations of phenol⋅CH3OH (CD3OD) in the electronic ground and excited state, revealed by spectral hole burning and dispersed fluorescence spectroscopy (1995)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 103 (1995), S. 584-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The intermolecular vibrations of phenol(CH3OH)1 and its deuterated isotopomer d-phenol(CD3OD)1 were examined by comparing the vibrational frequencies of the electronic ground and excited state with the results of ab initio normal mode calculations at the Hartree–Fock level, using the 4-31G* and 6-31G** basis sets. Full energy minimization showed a translinear structure similar to phenol(H2O)1 or to the water dimer. Dispersed fluorescence spectra have been recorded via excitation of the electronic cluster origin and several intermolecular vibrational transitions. The Franck–Condon intensity pattern allowed an assignment of the ground state vibrational frequencies to the excited state frequencies, which were examined by resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization and hole burning spectroscopy. The existence of another conformer that possibly absorbs in the region of interest was ruled out by hole burning spectroscopy of the phenol(CH3OH)1 cluster. A full assignment of all intermolecular vibrations of this hydrogen bonded cluster in the S0 state could be given for the first time on the basis of ab initio calculations and a combination of different spectroscopical methods. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.470093
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improvement of q-profile measurement by fast observation of pellet ablation at ASDEX Upgrade (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 4051-4060 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The q-profile measurement presented in this article is based on the observation of pellets injected into the plasma and viewed with a fast-framing camera. The pellets sublimate in the plasma and the ablated material is ionized. The ions move along the magnetic field lines, while an ablation cloud is forming. This ablation cloud contains a small fraction of neutral particles which emit visible light after collisional excitation. It is therefore possible to visualize the magnetic field lines along which the pellet passes. The inclination angle of the magnetic field lines with respect to the torus midplane can be determined from this observation. The results are compared with the inclination angles delivered by an equilibrium code. Further analysis shows that it is not meaningful to determine the q-profile from the data of only the pellet ablation, in the case of an elongated plasma as in ASDEX Upgrade. However, the accuracy of the q-profile determined by an equilibrium code, especially in the plasma center, can be greatly improved by using the pellet measurements as additional input data. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1148386
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A miniature capacitance dilatometer for thermal expansion and magnetostriction (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 2742-2746 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A very small capacitive sensor for measuring thermal expansion and magnetostriction of small and irregular shaped samples has been developed. A capacitive method with tilted plates is used. The tilted plate capacitance formula is used for the calculation of the capacitor gap, the calibration is performed by measuring the signal of a standard material. The active length of the sample can be less than 1 mm. The absolute resolution is about 1 Å. All mechanical connections of the dilatometer are carried out by tiny Cu–Be springs, enabling the small force on the sample to be adjusted (50–500 mN) and no additional sample fixing is necessary. The cell has been tested in the temperature range 0.3–200 K and in static magnetic fields up to 15 T. The zero signal of the dilatometer has been determined by measuring a silver sample. The correct operation and reproducibility has been verified by measuring the thermal expansion of Cu. The thermal expansion and magnetostriction of a DyCu2 single crystal has been determined. The advantage of this method compared to specific heat measurements is that a large temperature range can be covered with one equipment. This high static and dynamic range of sample length, temperature, and magnetic field suggests a number of possible applications, like the investigation of crystal field effects on the magnetoelastic properties of single crystals or structural phase transitions. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149009
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Random telegraph signal: An atomic probe of the local current in field-effect transistors (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 1734-1741 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The switching amplitude of random telegraph signals (RTSs) caused by trapping a single electron at an individual interface defect is studied in sub-μm-sized metal oxide field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). The amplitudes of RTSs depend on the channel nonuniformity and, in particular, on the current distribution in the immediate vicinity of the trap. We find that to a good approximation the RTS amplitude is proportional to the square of the local current density. This mathematical relation is tested and verified with the help of a computer simulation. RTS amplitudes may thus be used as atomic probes of the local current density. By the evaluation of 187 RTS amplitudes in different MOSFETs of the same type, we deduce for the first time a histogram showing the magnitude distribution of the local current density in such devices. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.366892
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of yield problems of single electron devices based on evaporated granular films (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 75 (1999), S. 1634-1636 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An evaporated nanometer scale granular film provides a simple system for studying Coulomb blockade effects. This technique has often been used during the last few decades. However with respect to potential devices, specific problems continue to obstruct broader application. It is virtually impossible to observe Coulomb blockade in one–dimensional structures, and even for wide two–dimensional systems the yield is frustratingly low. We study these problems using a comprehensive theoretical framework that enables us to model both the growth aspects, and the electrical characteristics. In particular, we study how the morphology of the islands influences their electrical properties. Explanations for the observed behavior are put forward. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124778
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative solubilities of hybrid ionomers and compomers by acid impingement (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 26 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relative erosion/solubility for hybrid glass–ionomers and a compomer using the jet-impingement technique with lactic acid of various molarities. The materials studied included Dyract®, Duet®, Vitremer®, Advance®, Fuji-II LC®, and Fuji-I®, Ketac Cem® and Modern Tenacin® as the control. Data were analysed using anova and Tukey's comparison test. Results indicated that depth of erosion/solubility with hybrid glass–ionomers and compomers was not measurable by the normal procedure. Similarly, weight changes were not detectable at 0·002, 0·02 and 0·05 m (except for Advance® at 0·05 m). All glass–ionomers materials and the compomer revealed weight changes at 0·1 m after 24 h, in the following increasing order: Dyract®〈Fuji-II LC®=Duet®〈Advance®〈Vitremer®. It was concluded that weight loss is a better parameter to characterize these new hybrids glass–ionomers and compomers for erosion/solubility by jet-impingement. In addition, a lactic acid of minimum 0·1 m as a test solution is required to generate 24 h-data that can be measured in most laboratories and thus used for statistical comparison.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.1999.00452.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Full-length Cloning, Expression and Cellular Localization of Rat Plasmolipin mRNA, a Proteolipid of PNS and CNS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 8 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have isolated a 1.476 bp cDNA (NTII11) representing a transcript that is differentially expressed during sciatic nerve development and regeneration in the rat. Nucleotide sequence comparison indicates partial identity with a recently isolated plasmolipin cDNA. However, our clone extends the published sequence by 234 bp at the 5’end and predicts a protein that contains an additional 25 amino acids at the N-terminus. The open reading frame of the NTII11 transcript encodes a 19.4 kDa protein with four putative transmembrane domains. Northern blot analyses revealed a tissue-specific expression of the plasmolipin transcript that is restricted to sciatic nerve, brain and kidney. The neural expression was confirmed by in situ hybridization, and cellular localization of plasmolipin mRNA was demonstrated in Schwann cells of the sciatic nerve and in glial cells of myelinated brain structures. The steady-state levels of plasmolipin mRNA were markedly altered (i) during development of the sciatic nerve and brain, (ii) after sciatic nerve injury, and (iii) in cultured Schwann cells maintained under different conditions of cell growth and arrest. Our data indicate a function of plasmolipin during myelination in the central as well as in the peripheral nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01223.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peripheral Myelin Protein-22 is Expressed in Rat and Mouse Brain and Spinal Cord Motoneurons (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 7 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Peripheral myelin protein PMP-22 is expressed by Schwann cells and is a constituent of peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin. Two PMP-22 transcripts, SR73 and CD25, differing in their 5’non-coding sequences have been described. SR73 is present both in the PNS and in non-neural tissue, whereas CD25 mRNA is almost exclusively expressed in Schwann cells. PMP-22 mRNA is also present in the central nervous system (CNS), but at much lower levels than in the PNS. We have investigated the regional distribution of PMP-22 mRNA in the rat and mouse CNS by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method, using oligonucleotide primers specific for the SR73 or CD25 transcripts. SR73 mRNA was detected in all the CNS regions analysed, whereas the CD25 message was present only in the brainstem and the spinal cord. Localization of the PMP-22 transcripts, determined by in situ hybridization in 21 day-old animals, showed selective expression in the motor nuclei. The PMP-22 signal was very weak in the nuclei of the oculomotor and trochlear nerves and absent in the nucleus of the abducens nerve. A strong PMP-22 signal was observed in the motor nuclei of the trigeminal, facial, ambigus, vagus, hypoglossal and accessory spinal nerves and in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. The PMP-22-positive cells were identified as motoneurons on the basis of topographic and morphological criteria, as well as immunolabelling with neuron-specific antibodies. Immunostaining with specific anti-PMP-22 antibodies demonstrated that neurons expressing the PMP-22 message also expressed the corresponding protein in their cell bodies and axons. In contrast, neurons in the sensory nuclei of cranial nerves and dorsal root ganglion neurons were PMP-22-negative. In the trembler mouse, a PNS dysmyelinating mutant with a missense mutation in PMP-22, the motoneuronal expression of PMP-22 mRNA was either normal or increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01095.x
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