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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 698-706 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: CT pulmonary arteries ; MRI pulmonary arteries ; MRA ; CTA ; Pulmonary thromboembolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Evaluation of the pulmonary vasculature is mainly indicated in patients with suspected pulmonary thromboembolism. The routine procedure so far is ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy alone or in combination with diagnostic assessment of the legs to rule out deep venous thrombosis. The results are still not reliable for the majority of patients. In the case of equivocal diagnosis, invasive conventional angiography is considered the gold standard. With steady improvements in tomographic imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), non-invasive alternatives to the routine diagnostic work-up are given. Helical CT and CTA techniques are already in clinical use and estimated to sufficiently serve the demands for detection/exclusion of pulmonary thromboembolism. The disadvantages mainly concern peripheral disease and reconstruction artifacts. MRI and MR angiography have been implemented in the diagnosis of pulmonary vascular disease since the introduction of contrast-enhanced MRA. In breath-hold techniques, the entire lung vascularization can be delineated and thromboemboli can be detected. The clinical experience in this field is limited, but MRI has the potential to demonstrate its superiority over CT due to its improved delineation of the vascular periphery and the more comprehensive three-dimensional reconstruction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Functional MRI ; BOLD effect ; Motion perception ; Oculomotor pursuit ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We have studied the effects of pursuit eye movements on the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses in extrastriate visual areas during visual motion perception. Echoplanar imaging of 10–12 image planes through visual cortex was acquired in nine subjects while they viewed sequences of random-dot motion. Images obtained during stimulation periods were compared with baseline images, where subjects viewed a blank field. In a subsidiary experiment, responses to moving dots, viewed under conditions of fixation or pursuit, were compared with those evoked by static dots. Eye movements were recorded with MR-compatible electro-oculographic (EOG) electrodes. Our findings show an enhanced level of activation (as indexed by blood-oxygen level-dependent contrast) during pursuit compared with fixation in two extrastriate areas. The results support earlier findings on a motion-specific area in lateral occipitotemporal cortex (human V5). They also point to a further site of activation in a region approximately 12 mm dorsal of V5. The fMRI response in V5 during pursuit is significantly enhanced. This increased response may represent additional processing demands required for the control of eye movements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 7 (1997), S. S178 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Magnetic resonance angiography ; Contrast media ; Pulmonary arteries ; Carotid arteries ; Renal arteries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. MR angiography (MRA) is a technique under ongoing discussion. Its non-invasiveness and sensitivity to flow irregularities make it an investigational technique which is easy to apply but which does not always lead to comprehensive results. It requires special skill to perform and also experience for correct interpretation of the results. The lengthiness of the procedure combined with certain physical properties tends to limit its use to mostly neurovascular applications. With the introduction of ultrafast MRA in conjunction with peripheral bolus-injection of extracellular contrast media, a new approach to the imaging of such regions as the thoracic and abdominal vasculature not to mention other vascular territories has become possible. In this paper, considerations of bolus and measurement optimization and timing protocols for dedicated indications are presented together with an overview on the experience acquired to date for CE-MRA of the carotid artery, mediastinal and pulmonary vessels, abdominal vasculature, and peripheral vessels. The main advantage of ultrafast CE-MRA is that patients are subjected to much more tolerable breath-hold investigations with the result that physiological motion such as peristalsis or major pulsation is minimised.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) • Contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) • MRA carotids • Contrast agent dosage • Time-of-flight MRA (TOF MRA) ; Schlüsselwörter Magnetresonanzangiographie (MRA) • MRA-Kontrastmittel • MRA-A. carotis • Time-of-flight-MRA • Kontrastmitteldosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Einführung schneller Gradientensysteme erlaubt eine qualitativ sehr gute Darstellung der extrakraniellen Karotisstrombahn in der Magnetresonanzangiographie (MRA) und findet Anwendung in der klinischen Routine. Mit der bevorzugt angewandten Time-of-flight-(TOF-)Technik können Gefäße ohne Kontrastmittel dargestellt werden. Die Anwendung ultraschneller Gradientenechosequenzen (GES) ermöglicht bei intravenöser Bolusinjektion von Gadolinium eine First-pass-Darstellung der Karotiden vom Aortenbogen bis zur Schädelbasis in weniger als 30 s Meßzeit. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Vor- und Nachteile beider Techniken diskutiert. Für eine qualitativ optimale kontrastmittelunterstützte MRA (CE-MRA) sind der richtige Zeitpunkt der Menge und Flußrate Kontrastmittel-(KM-) Injektion und die Abstimmung der Sequenzparameter auf den relativ schnellen Blutrückflusses aus den venösen Sinus in die Vv. jugulares zu berücksichtigen. Zunächst wurden an einem Modell und in einer Computersimulation der optimale Zeitpunkt der Datenakquisition bezüglich der Anwesenheit von KM in den Arterien bestimmt. Dabei zeigte sich, daß 90 % des Kontrastes in den mittleren 16 % der symetrisch akquirierten k-Raumzeilen definiert werden. Durch schrittweise Variation von Ortsauflösung, Meßzeit und KM-Injektionsparameter wurde ein Meßprotokoll an Probanden und einigen Patienten erarbeitet, welches den klinischen Einsatz der CE-MRA im Bereich der extrakraniellen Karotisstrombahn ermöglicht. Voraussetzung ist die genaue Bestimmung der Bolusankunftszeit mittels Testbolusinjektion. Die besten qualitativen Ergebnisse wurden mit einer Double-dose-Technik bei 2 ml/s Injektionsgeschwindigkeit erreicht. Die zeitlichen Reserven ultraschneller Sequenzen sollten in die Verbesserung der Auflösung investiert werden. Weitere Untersuchungen über die optimale KM-Applikation beim noch sehr frühen Stand der Technik stehen noch aus.
    Notes: Summary The introduction of fast gradient systems allows a reliable visualization of the extracranial carotid vessels by the magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) which meanwhile is implemented into clinical routine. By the mainly applied time-of-flight (TOF) technique, vessels can be imaged without contrast agent (CA). Due to the application of ultra-fast gradient-echo-sequences, the first-pass evaluation of an intravenous bolus-injection of Gadolinium in the carotids from the aortic arch up to the skull base can be performed in less than 30 s. In this study, advantages and disadvantages of both techniques are discussed. For a qualitatively optimal contrast enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) timing parameters like injection delay, flow rate and the adjustment of sequence parameters have to be considered in relation to the fast venous return from the sinus to the jugular veins. First, the optimal time point of the data acquisition have been determined at a model and with a computer simulation in reference to the presence of CA in the arteries. As a result, 90 % of the contrast contribution is defined by 16 % of the symmetrically acquired central k-space lines. A measuring protocol for clinical use was obtained by a gradual variation of spacial resolution, measuring time and CA-injection parameters and was proved in normal volunteers and patients. An exact determination of the bolus-arrival-time by means of a test-bolus injection was acquired. The best qualitative results were achieved by a double-dose injection at 2 ml/s injection rate. The temporal reserves of ultra-fast sequences should be invested in the improvement of the spatial resolution. To date, further investigations related to the problem of optimal CA-application may improve the potentials of CE-MRA procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 37 (1997), S. 529-538 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) • MRA-contrast media • MRA-aorta • MRA-pulmonary vessels ; Schlüsselwörter Magnetresonanzangiographie (MRA) • MRA-Kontrastmittel • MRA-Aorta • MRA-Pulmonalgefäße
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit der Einführung schneller Gradientensysteme, die eine echoplanare Bildgebung (EPI) erlauben, wurden auch in der Magnetresonanzangiographie (MRA) neuartige Techniken möglich, die jetzt durch ultraschnelle Meßzeiten große Gefäßregionen in einem einzigen Atemstillstandszyklus untersuchen. Hierdurch lassen sich die bewegungsinduzierten Bildunschärfen reduzieren oder aufheben, darüber hinaus sind auch physikalische Störphänomene wie Signalsättigung oder Dephasierung durch die extrem kurzen Echozeiten minimalisiert. Die bei der kurzen Akquisition insgesamt reduzierte Signalausbeute wird in der vorgestellten Technik durch die Applikation eines intravenös verabreichten Gadoliniumpräparates aufgehoben. Die Koordination des Meßvorganges mit der ersten Passage des Kontrastmittels („first pass“) durch die Untersuchungsregion ist analog zu einer Computertomographieangiographie (CTA) essentiell. Die Kontrastmittel-MRA (KM-MRA) eröffnet durch die Geschwindigkeit und den hohen Kontrast neue Indikationsbereiche: so werden erstmals diagnostisch verwertbare Angiogramme der pulmonalen Gefäßstrombahn möglich. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Berechnung und Versuche zur Optimierung der KM-MRA der thorakalen Gefäße vorgestellt. Vorschläge zur Parameterkonstellation der MRA-Sequenz und zur Optimierung der Kontrastmittelapplikation werden anhand von Probandenmessungen erarbeitet und physikalisch erläutert. Die KM-MRA der pulmonalen Strombahn wird als Single-dose-Technik in einem Zeitrahmen von ca. 30 s empfohlen. Erste Erfahrungen an Patienten und Korrelationen zu alternativen Untersuchungstechniken werden angeboten. Bei dem noch frühen Entwicklungsstand der Technik kann noch keine letztliche Einschätzung der klinischen Relevanz gegeben werden.
    Notes: Summary Through the introduction of newly invented high-performance gradient systems to MRI, which enable for echoplanar imaging (EPI), also magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has gained an entirely new field of applications and techniques. Ultrafast imaging techniques in MRA allow the investigation of larger vascular areas within a single breathhold-period. Artifacts like motion induced signal misregistrations, dephasing or saturation of the vascular signal are minimized by extremely short echo times. The technique thus requires the intravenous application of a contrast media bolus, usually a gadolinium compound, which is in standard clinical use. Coordination of the bolus injection and the timing of the data acquisition is crucial for optimal results. The first pass evaluation of the contrast media resembles CTA to a certain extend. Due to the fast measurement and the high contrast in contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) new applications and indications are developed like MRA of the pulmonary vessels. The paper offers considerations and trials for optimization of thoracical CE-MRA. Besides parameter constellation also bolus-optimization is described with respect to the dedicated anatomical premises. Investigations on volunteers and on patients build a basis for suggestions on optimized CE-MRA procedures. To date, a final estimation of the clinical value of the new technique cannot be given since ongoing improvements change the optimal protocol frequently and the potential of further developments is high.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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