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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 25 (1995), S. 34-40 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The production of aluminium of primary quality from scrap by electrorefining may become an option of strategic importance. Two important requirements are: (i) substantial energy savings compared to electrowinning, and (ii) easy recycling of alloying elements and molten electrolyte without ecological hazards. The use of molten chloride instead of fluoride electrolytes is preferred as emissions are low, purification of contaminated salts in aqueous solution is easy and oxide ceramic materials for cells and diaphragms can be used. The measurement of formal potentials of most important alloying elements shows that only manganese should be expected to cause trouble in electrorefining of aluminium scrap from alkali chloride melts. Preparative batch refining experiments show that all these alloying metals can be easily separated; manganese is very likely because its activity in aluminium is decreased by alloying or compound formation in aluminium. Results with cells divided by alumina diaphragms show that energy consumptions can be kept below 5 kWh (kg Al)−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 762-773 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two different processes to prepare smooth* Raney nickel coatings are investigated. Both are based on preparing a precursor coating by gas-phase reaction of nickel at temperatures of around 400°C. Sherardizing of nickel electrodes, that is, reaction with zinc vapour, leads to formation of the γ-phase of Ni–Zn alloy with the approximate composition of 75 to 85wt% Zn (balance: Ni), and gas-phase sulfidizing of nickel electrodes with hydrogen sulfide produces nickel sulfide coatings composed of the phases Ni3S2, αNi7S6 and αNiS. Both types of coating are transformed in situ, the first by caustic leaching and the second during cathodic hydrogen evolution by relatively slow cathodic reduction into smooth, almost closed nanoporous Raney nickel coatings. The comparison of the catalysts from the two different methods reveals the superiority of the second. The hydrogen evolution overpotential is lowest and, during more than 3000h of continuous operation, the catalyst does not deteriorate. Electrodeposited nickel sulfide gives a poorer and less stable RN catalyst than gas phase sulfidized nickel sulfide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 26 (1996), S. 343-352 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) testing cell was set up, and run with molten sodium-tin (Na-Sn) and sodium-lead (Na-Pb) alloy cathodes. The Na activity, the partial molar enthalpy and partial molar entropy of sodium in molten Na-Sn and Na-Pb alloys have been determined, using a Na concentration cell: Na(1) I beta″-alumina Na-Me(1), where Me= Sn or Pb. The thermodynamic results of these investigations agree with those of other authors. The electric performance of these Na-Me alloy electrodes of different Na concentration and temperatures is described, measuring current-voltage characteristics and a.c. impedance in the AMTEC test cell. The power density of the AMTEC cell with molten alloy cathodes decreases with increasing Na concentration, with the Na concentrations in molten alloys varying from 0.5 to 15 mol%. Maximum power densities of 0.21 to 0.15 W cm−2 at 700°C for Na-Sn molten electrodes, and 0.30 to 0.15 W cm−2 for Na-Pb molten electrodes have been obtained. The a.c. impedance data demonstrated that the molten alloy electrodes have a smaller cell resistance, 0.3–0.35 S2 cm−2 at 700°C after 10–20 h. Comparison with the sputtered thin, porous film electrodes, showed that the contact resistance between electrode and surface of beta″-alumina plays an important role on enhancing cell power density. At 700°C the power density of an AMTEC cell with the molten Na-Pb alloy electrode can be raised to values of about 0.2 W cm eat current densities of 0.8 A cm−2, but at cell voltages not exceeding 0.2V. A model for the theoretical efficiency of the AMTEC cell with molten Na metal electrodes is also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 227-236 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: wastewater treatment ; electrosorption ; activated carbon ; electrochemical process ; adsorber bed ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The potential of electroadsorption/desorption on activated carbon for waste water treatment of industrial effluents is studied. Adsorption isotherms of hydrophobic differently charged model substances on activated carbon were measured in order to obtain specific information about the influence of the charge (+1,−1 and 0) on the adsorbability of comparable, aromatic species and the influence of the bed potential on the adsorption equilibria. In all these cases the adsorption equilibria show a dependence on applied potential in electrolyte of approximately 1m ionic strength. With electrosorption from aqueous solution, a fivefold enhancement of the concentration in one potential controlled adsorption/desorption cycle is achievable. The use of the solvent methanol instead of water for desorption allows for a concentration enhancement by a factor of hundred in the desorptive step. The adsorption capacity of the activated carbon changes only slightly with cycle number. Two cell designs for the performance of potential controlled adsorption/desorption cycles on the large scale are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 277-282 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: fuel cells ; PEMFC ; oxygen cathode ; electrode porosity ; mass transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Better performance of and higher electrocatalyst utilization in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells equipped with thin film electrodes is achieved by exploiting pore forming additives in the electrode recipe formulation. Preparing the membrane–electrode assembly by a hot spraying procedure already provides 35% porosity. Additional coarse porosity is obtained by adding pore formers to the electrocatalyst slurry which is used for the hot spraying process. This allows for a better access of oxygen from air to the depth of the cathode. For air operation at ambient pressure and low catalyst loading of 0.15mgPtcm-2 a current density of 200mAcm-2 at 0.7V cell voltage can be obtained with such electrodes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 299-304 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: chalcopyrite ; copper sheets ; semiconductor films ; photovoltaic cells ; anode films ; electrocrystallization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract By anodic oxidation of copper sheets in sulfide anion-containing electrolytes copper chalcogenide semiconductor films suitable for photovoltaic applications can be attained. Anodically chalcopyrite (Cu2S) has been formed as pure, mechanically stable, homogeneous and adhesive polycrystalline films, consisting of well-developed large crystallites. Cu2S coated copper sheets were produced with an area of 3cm*3cm. P-n-junctions formed by evaporation of CdS onto the anodically formed Cu2S films show an energy efficiency of 3.3. The extension of this process to ternary systems, like copper/indium/sulfur, is likely to be possible. A mixture of Cu2S and CuInS2 could be formed by codepositing In2S3 together with Cu2S. Cu2Se-films with a thickness of up to 1 mum were formed by chemical bath deposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Organosilicon compounds ; organosilicon polymers ; thermal behaviour ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Formation of Organosilicon Compounds. 116. The Influence of Chlorination, Hydrogenation, and Crosslinking on the Thermal Behaviour of the Polymeric (-Me2Si-CH2-)nIn the reaction of the polymeric (-Me2Si-CH2-)n PCS1 with I2/Cl2 only one methyl group was substituted to form (-ClMeSi-CH2-)n PCS2. By chlorination with I2/Cl2/Al2Cl2 we get a further replacement of the methyl group by chlorine (Si:Cl = 1 : 1.2; 1 : 1.18; 1 : 1.98; 1 : 2.07). The reduction of the chlorination products (Si : Cl = 1 : 1.12 and 1 : 1.98) with LiAlH4 led to SiH-rich derivatives. The thermal behaviour of these derivatives has been investigated. Up to 800°C the weight loss is 18.5%. Further heating by thermal gravimetry (TG) up to 1400°C results in an additional weight loss of 2% with β-SiC formation. The polymeric (-ClMeSi-CH2-)n PCS2 reacts with MeNH2 to form -MeSi-NHMe groups. Separation of MeNH2 led to a crosslinked chain which then condenses to a polymer with Si4C10H16N2-units PCSN2. This reaction is completed at about 300°C, between 500 and 800°C these polymer undergoes further crosslinking with the elimination of CH4, H2, and viscous polymers in the destillate. At 800°C in the polymeric PCSN2 the ratio Si : C decreases from 1 : 2.5 to 1 : 1.3, the ratio Si : H from 1 : 6.6 to 1 : 2 but the ratio Si : N remains nearly constant at 1 : 0.5. The weight loss of the X-ray amorphous sample up to 800°C is 74% however, up to 1400°C no further weight loss is observed.
    Notes: Durch Reaktion des Polymeren (-Me2Si-CH2-)n PCS1 mit I2/Cl2 wird je eine SiMe-Gruppe zum (-MeClSi-CH2-)n PCS2 substituiert, während mit I2/Cl2/ Al2CI6 ein weitergehender Ersatz der Me- durch Cl-Gruppen (Si: Cl = 1 : 1,2; 1 : 1,8; 1 : 1,98; 1 : 2,07) erreicht wird. Die Chlorierungsprodukte mit Si:Cl = 1 : 1,2 und 1 : 1,98 werden mit LiAlH4 in die entsprechenden SiH-haltigen Derivate überführt und von letzterem das thermische Verhalten bis 1400°C untersucht. Der Gewichtsverlust bis 800°C beträgt 18,5% und bei der anschließenden TG-Untersuchung bis 1400°C noch 2% unter Bildung von ß-SiC. Die Umsetzung von (-MeClS-CH2-)n PCS2 mit MeNH2 führt über die Bildung von -MeSi-NHMe Gruppen unter Abspaltung von MeNH2 zur Vernetzung der Kette, deren Kondensation sich um 300°C zum Polymeren mit der Baueinheit Si4C10H16N2 PCSN2 vervollständigt. Diese vernetzen zwischen 500-800°C weiter unter Abspaltung von CH4, H2 und viskoser Polymerer im Destillat. Während in den Polymeren PCSN2 beim Tempern bis 800°C das Verhältnis Si : C von 1 : 2,5 auf 1 : 1,3, das Si : H-Verhältnis von 1 : 6,6 auf 1 : 2 absinkt, bleibt das Si : N-Verhältnis mit 1 : 0,5 nahezu konstant. Der Gewichtsverlust der röntgenamorphen Probe bis 800°C beträgt 74%, bis 1400°C erfolgt kein weiterer Masseverlust.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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